privacy and security issues in ict pdf

[32] LGBT Tech has emphasized launching newer technologies with 5G technology in order to help close the digital divide that can cause members of the LGBTQIA community to lose access to reliable and fast technology that can provide information on healthcare, economic opportunities, and safe communities. The EU Science Hub - the website of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission's science and knowledge service, providing scientific evidence throughout the whole policy cycle. This puts forward the role of accessibility in overcoming digital divides, digital inequalities, and exclusions based on skills, literacy, language, gender or disability. In addition, during the reporting period, two countries in the Arab region, two countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, and one country in Western Europe and North America adopted freedom of information legislation. [25] Information about the other matters to be notified is provided in Chapter 5 of the APP Guidelines. Some countries in the region had a handful of plans to choose from (across all mobile network operators) while others, such as Colombia, offered as many as 30 pre-paid and 34 post-paid plans. However, a PIA is much more than a simple compliance check. Document no longer available at this link. The Initiative was launched in the 60th Anniversary year of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and is based on internationally recognized laws and standards for human rights on freedom of expression and privacy set out in the UDHR, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). A number of states, including some that have introduced new laws since 2010, notably censor voices from and content related to the LGBTQI community, posing serious consequences to access to information about sexual orientation and gender identity. See Security of Personal Information in Part Two. Paris: UNESCO, "cDc communications - CULT OF THE DEAD COW - Hacktivismo - Ninja Strike Force", Internet Rights Protection Initiative Launches, "II. Gmail's user interface designer, Kevin Fox, intended users to feel as if they were always on one page and just changing things on that page, rather than having to navigate to other places.[15]. 2017. Although the sender must use a Gmail account, the recipient does not need to be using a Gmail address. 2016. According to Kuzmin and Parshakova, access to information entails learning in formal and informal education settings. The Information Accountability Foundation has described the generation of new personal information in three categories - observed, derived and inferred:[16]. [76], In May 2013, Google announced the integration between Google Wallet and Gmail, which would allow Gmail users to send money as email attachments. Seek input from all areas of your entity including your public relations department, which may have ideas about innovative formats for better communicating the policy, for example, through video or other mechanisms relevant to the communication channel (paper, telephone, email, online) that you are using. [70][71], On February 9, 2010, Google commenced its new social networking tool, Google Buzz, which integrated with Gmail, allowing users to share links and media, as well as status updates. [17] Inferred data tends to be less accurate and may create challenges for quality of personal information. Collect all the data Traditionally, data analysis involves a representative or random sample of the population. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Users can enable or disable Labs features selectively and provide feedback about each of them. According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), by the end of 2017, an estimated 48 per cent of individuals regularly connect to the internet, up from 34 per cent in 2012. The IsraeliPalestinian conflict has its roots in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the birth of major nationalist movements among the Jews and among the Arabs, both geared towards attaining sovereignty for their people in the Middle East. ICT acquired by a contractor incidental to a contract shall not be required to conform to the Revised 508 Standards. The objective of APP 1 is to ensure that organisations manage personal information in an open and transparent way. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Guidance is provided on when de-identification may be appropriate, how to choose appropriate de-identification techniques, and how to assess the risk of re-identification. "[161], In May 2009, Farhad Manjoo wrote on The New York Times blog about Gmail's "on behalf of" tag. [6] You should also be aware that the use of tax file numbers to detect incorrect payments is subject to the requirements of the Data-matching Program (Assistance and Tax) Act 1990) and relevant guidelines. [87], In January 2010, Google began rolling out HTTPS as the default for all users. Specifically, this guidance aims to take you through the factors that you may wish to consider when determining whether information is personal information. An APP privacy policy should describe the main functions and activities of an organisation, and identify those that involve personal information handling. Centre for Law and Democracy & Access Info. Privacy tip: Entities undertaking health or medical research should ensure they are familiar with the s 95 or s 95A Guidelines. Freedom of information is freedom of a person or people to publish and consume information. 2016c. The government does not appear to be systematically examining Internet content, as this appears to be technically impractical. [134], Google claims that they "will not target ads based on sensitive information, such as race, religion, sexual orientation, health, or sensitive financial categories. On 28 September 2015, UNESCO adopted the International Day for the Universal Access to Information during its 38th session. For example, checking that third parties, from which personal information is collected, have implemented appropriate practices, procedures and systems to ensure the quality of personal information. 2016. A travel card contains itinerary details, such as plane tickets and car rentals, and recommends activities, food and drinks, and attractions based on location, time, and interests. [89][90], In March 2014, Google announced that an encrypted HTTPS connection would be used for the sending and receiving of all Gmail emails, and "every single email message you send or receive 100% of them is encrypted while moving internally" through the company's systems. The targets of the attack were Chinese human rights activists, but Google discovered that accounts belonging to European, American and Chinese activists for human rights in China had been "routinely accessed by third parties". The collection and generation of personal information in unexpected ways, and the use of complex or opaque algorithms can be creepy for affected individuals. It is expected that entities handling large amounts of personal information for data analytics purposes will conduct an information security risk assessment (also known as a threat risk assessment) as part of undertaking a PIA. You should continue to review your PIA to ensure the privacy solutions are working as expected. The company stated that this change was meant to clarify its practices and quell concerns among enterprise G Suite (now Google Workspace) customers who felt an ambiguous distinction between the free consumer and paid professional variants, the latter being advertising-free. Despite the challenges, with planning and foresight, transparency and good privacy governance in relation to data analytics can be achieved. Below are some best practice tips to ensure good privacy management and governance: The OAIC has developed a range of tools to assist you to develop or review your privacy program and related governance structures, and to meet the requirements set out in APP 1. [78] The pattern is reversed when it comes to online media, chosen by 64 per cent of users between 18 and 24 as their primary source, but only by 28 per cent of users 55 and older. This led to significant user backlash, with users describing the research as creepy and terrifying. A banner will appear at the top of the page that warns users of an unauthorized account compromise. Risk point: Entities can only keep personal information they need for permitted purposes under the APPs. [29], Gmail incorporates a search bar for searching emails. Information about how to comply with APP 8 when sending information overseas is provided in our Sending Personal Information Overseas. Google has stated that email users must "necessarily expect" their emails to be subject to automated processing and claims that the service refrains from displaying ads next to potentially sensitive messages, such as those mentioning race, religion, sexual orientation, health, or financial statements. Conduct Privacy Impact Assessments for your data analytics projects. [1] Based on the ROAM principles, UNESCO is now developing Internet Universality indicators to help governments and other stakeholders assess their own national Internet environments and to promote the values associated with Internet Universality, such as access to information.[102]. ICT acquired by a contractor incidental to a contract shall not be required to conform to the Revised 508 Standards. Privacy tip: Consider conducting regular reviews of your data analytic processes (such as algorithms used), to ensure that they are fit for purpose and promote the accuracy of information. Equal rating prevents prioritization of one type of content and zero-rates all content up to a specified data cap. The aim of the Guide is to assist organisations to identify and take steps to address the privacy issues that may arise. Privacy tip: Limit the collection of personal information that you hold where appropriate, and ensure that you are only collecting information which is reasonably necessary to pursue your legitimate functions and activities. Entertainment & Arts. Fortune. See our Guide on What is Personal Information? Without a thorough understanding of how to shield their digital communications and traces, journalists and sources can unwittingly reveal identifying information. Privacy tip: Successfully de-identified data is not personal information, meaning the Privacy Act will generally not apply. According to the World Trends Report 2017/2018, between 2012 and 2016, 20 UNESCO Member States adopted data protection laws for first time, bringing the global total to 101. [114], In June 2012, Google announced that Gmail had 425 million active users globally. The report also concludes that those who do not have internet access still have a high demand for it, and reduction in the price of home-internet access would allow for an increase in equitable participation and improve internet adoption by marginalized groups. However, where this involves automated decision-making, the organisation should ensure that the information used to do this (including inferences drawn from data analytics) is accurate. This Guide to Data Analytics and the Australian Privacy Principles (the Guide) provides guidance about the Australian Privacy Principles (APPs) and how they apply to data analytics activities, which include (but are not limited to) big data, data mining and data integration. Microsoft claims that its email service Outlook does not scan the contents of messages and a Microsoft spokesperson called the issue of privacy "Google's kryptonite." Retrieved 21 August 2017. [8] Kramer ADI, Guillory JE and Hancock JT (2014) Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(24): 87888790. [96], In Google's Transparency Report under the Safer email section, it provides information on the percentage of emails encrypted in transit between Gmail and third-party email providers. Today, the service comes with 15 gigabytes of storage. In particular, when determining how high risk the data analytics project will be, some key questions to consider include: It can sometimes be challenging for an organisation to know when to start carrying out a PIA for complex data analytics projects (such as big data activities) due to the initial lack of clarity about the direction that the project will take. Committing to Effective Whistleblower Protection. [149][150] A new Gmail feature was launched in January 2014, whereby users can email people with Google+ accounts even though they do not know the email address of the recipient. Your APP Privacy Policy should clearly and simply describe the main functions and activities of your organisation, the general purposes that you put information to, and how your data analytics activities relate to this. Taking this approach to data analytics can help you to ensure that the processing of personal information as part of your organisations data analytics is carried out in a fair, transparent, responsible and ethical manner. [2] Gartner, The Importance of Big data: A Definition, cited in Department of Finance and Deregulation, The Australian Public Service Big Data Strategy, 2013, p 8. They may approve a proposed research activity where they determine that the public interest in the research activity substantially outweighs the public interest in the protection of privacy. [97], Gmail supports two-step verification, an optional additional measure for users to protect their accounts when logging in. Mail and Outlook.com) through POP or IMAP. Consider having more than one policy. In one case, the distribution of such coupons to a family home revealed a young womans pregnancy (her health information) to the rest of her family.[31]. 81% of Whites and 83% of Asians have home internet access, compared to 70% of Hispanics, 68% of Blacks, 72% of American Indian/Alaska Natives, and 68% of Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders. GayHealth provides online medical and health information and Gay and Lesbians Alliance Against Defamation contains online publications and news that focus on human rights campaigns and issues focused on LGBTQIA issues. Paris. Risk point: Where an organisations collects personal information from a third party and not directly from the individual, there may be a higher risk that the information may not be accurate, complete and up-to-date. WhatsApp. The APPs do not prevent the sending of personal information overseas or engaging an overseas cloud service provider. [31] It can also be viewed as an agent of change for the LGBTQIA community and provide a means of engaging in social justice. [5] Data matching is usually conducted by government agencies, and is performed for a range of purposes including fraud detection and facilitating debt collection. E202.4 Federal Contracts. [30], Case study: Target developed an algorithm which could predict pregnancy in its customers, based only on which goods they bought. Everyone, everywhere should have the opportunity to participate and no one should be excluded from the benefits the Information Society offers. A/RES/70/1. The app now also scans Gmail for bus and train tickets, and allows users to manually input trip reservations. [28] However, generally, it should not be assumed that an individual has given consent on the basis alone that they did not object to a proposal to handle personal information in a particular way. Open Data Charter. [15] More information about collection is provided in Chapter 3 of the APP Guidelines. Risk point: Data analytics activities are often undertaken for the purposes of direct marketing. 2017. The empty string is the special case where the sequence has length zero, so there are no symbols in the string. This Guide assumes some knowledge of privacy concepts. A PIA may also help your organisation identify any risks associated with the use of particular algorithms or data analytic processes (for example, where they may be generating personal information that organisations are not authorised to collect). Google acknowledged the issue and helped users with workarounds. While honey pots containing vast amounts of valuable data may increase the risk that an entitys information systems may be hacked. [14] Further information about the development of the Australian Government Agencies Privacy Code is available at our Australian Government Agencies Privacy Code webpage. Is the project likely to have a significant impact on individuals? When conducting data analytics, organisations should remember that personal information includes opinions or inferences drawn about people from other data, whether or not these are accurate. New York: Open Society Foundations. [49][50], In May 2017, Google updated Gmail on Android to feature protection from phishing attacks. Privacy tip: Undertaking an information security risk assessment will enable entities to identify reasonable steps to take to protect the personal information they hold. [84] This responsibility aligns with UNESCO's commitment to promote universal access to information, grounded in its constitutional mandate to promote the free flow of ideas by word and image. Develop policies and procedures for personal information used for data analytics, including clear APP Policies and Notices. Early Entry for Children with English as an Additional Language or Dialect Procedure (32.8 KB) Early Entry EALD placements in ACT Public Schools are for children who are non-English speaking.This procedure enables children access to a maximum of 6 hours of preschool education per week for up to 6 months in the year before preschool. When correlations of interest are discovered, the organisation would then be able to identify the aims of any further processing before handling any personal information. The audience has also become more diverse with 47 per cent of users based outside of the United States, where the company began in 1997. APP 8 and s 16C of the Privacy Act apply when an entity discloses personal information overseas. Freedom of information is freedom of a person or people to publish and consume information.Access to information is the ability for an individual to seek, receive and impart information effectively. Free alternative for Office productivity tools: Apache OpenOffice - formerly known as OpenOffice.org - is an open-source office productivity software suite containing word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, graphics, formula editor, and Google says users should have no 'expectation of privacy', "Google: don't expect privacy when sending to Gmail", "Microsoft Attacks Google on Gmail Privacy", "Google Hack Attack Was Ultra Sophisticated, New Details Show", "Millions of Buzz users, and improvements based on your feedback", "New Gmail messaging feature causes privacy concerns", "Google Has Quietly Dropped Ban on Personally Identifiable Web Tracking", "Google Outages Damage Cloud Credibility", "Where were you during the great Gmail outage of February 2009? Enterprise and Cyber Security. [103] The principle binds the World Bank to disclose any requested information, unless it is on a "list of exception": The World Bank is prone to Open Developments with its Open data, Open Finance and Open knowledge repository. Users can send trip details to other users' email, and if the recipient also has Google Trips, the information will be automatically available in their apps as well. This information is reported in a report titled "Digital Denied: The Impact of Systemic Racial Discrimination on Home-Internet Adoption" which was published by the DC-based public interest group Fress Press. However, if employees within the company are able to match the unique identifier with the original customer record to identify the person, this information may be personal information when handled by the company. Online platforms have also been observed to tolerate hateful content towards people of color but restrict content from people of color. Safeguarding against cyber crime is vital for business in the digital world. If not, organisations will need to rely on one of the exceptions in APP 6. Depending on how personal information is handled in the project, the PIA process might be brief, or complex. The project was known by the code name Caribou. The company also announced that Gmail would selectively delay some messages, approximately 0.05% of all, to perform more detailed analysis and aggregate details to improve its algorithms. APP 6 outlines when an entity may use or disclose personal information. However, when combined with other information held by (or accessible to) an organisation, it may become personal information. Workarounds exist. Data analytics can lead to the creation of personal information. A/HRC/34/L.7/ Rev.1. France. There is a concern of whether or not the increase in the use of information technologies will increase equality through offering opportunities for individuals living with disabilities or whether it will only add to the present inequalities and lead to individuals living with disabilities being left behind in society. It can also identify how the personal information will be collected. However, even when women have access to ICT, the digital divide is still prevalent. Sony is playing a savvy, but disingenuous, game. Example: In 2014, Facebook conducted a happy-sad emotional manipulation experiment, by splitting almost 700,000 users into two groups and manipulating their newsfeeds to be either happier or sadder than normal. An internal document may be more appropriate for commercially sensitive techniques. Rather, embedding strong privacy protections into your organisations data analytics activities will not only benefit affected individuals, but will also be beneficial for your organisation. When conducting a PIA for data analytics: If the direction of a data analytics project seems unclear, you should err on the side of caution and begin the PIA process anyway. To manage the creation of new personal information, organisations should incorporate privacy-by-design and conduct a PIA. Appoint a senior member of staff to be responsible for the strategic leadership and overall privacy management. [98] The IPDC is also the programme that monitors and reports on access to information laws around the world through the United Nations Secretary-General global report on follow-up to SDGs.[2]. Data matching means the bringing together of at least two data sets that contain personal information, and that come from different sources, and comparing those data sets to produce a match. [19] However, a post by an African American woman addressing her discomfort with being the only person of color in a small-town restaurant was met with racist and hateful messages. The OAIC and CSIROs Data61 have released the De-Identification Decision-Making Framework to assist organisations to de-identify their data effectively. In 2015 the European Court of Justice found that the so-called Safe Harbour Agreement, which allowed private companies to legally transmit personal data from their European subscribers to the US,[54] was not valid under European law in that it did not offer sufficient protections for the data of European citizens or protect them from arbitrary surveillance. Gmail's interface also makes use of 'labels' (tags) that replace the conventional folders and provide a more flexible method of organizing emails; filters for automatically organizing, deleting or forwarding incoming emails to other addresses; and importance markers for automatically marking messages as 'important'. The greater the data analytics complexity and higher the privacy risk is, the more likely it will be that a comprehensive PIA will be required to determine and manage its impacts. Gmail is a free email service provided by Google.As of 2019, it had 1.5 billion active users worldwide. [113], Despite the adoption of freedom of information laws; officials are often unfamiliar with the norms of transparency at the core of freedom of information or are unwilling to recognize them in practice. Explore our security portfolio; Our security partners; Latest security insights While this may be interesting, this information may not be relevant to the companys functions or activities. Some tips to ensure compliance with the above requirements of APP 3 are discussed below. This includes information such as healthcare, partners, and news. In addition, the proposed handling of information must be done in the course of medical research. Create channels for both your staff and customers so you can continue to learn lessons from data analytics, privacy complaints and breaches, as well as customer feedback. 5.1 DCAT scope. The purpose of the privacy notice is to provide an individual with enough relevant information to make an informed decision about whether to provide their personal information to an entity. The corresponding health-insurance data revealed the Governors health information, including medical diagnoses and prescriptions.[12]. Citing issues such as distractions, difficulty in finding important information buried in messages, and receiving more emails than ever, Inbox by Gmail has several important differences from Gmail, including bundles that automatically sort emails of the same topic together, highlights that surface key information from messages, and reminders, assists, and snooze, that help the user in handling incoming emails at appropriate times. Organisations will need to continue considering how they will address these emerging risks. [145] In response to a lawsuit filed in May 2013, Google explained: " all users of email must necessarily expect that their emails will be subject to automated processing Just as a sender of a letter to a business colleague cannot be surprised that the recipient's assistant opens the letter, people who use web-based email today cannot be surprised if their communications are processed by the recipient's ECS [electronic communications service] provider in the course of delivery. Choose from hundreds of free courses or pay to earn a Course or Specialization Certificate. The EU Science Hub - the website of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission's science and knowledge service, providing scientific evidence throughout the whole policy cycle. Privatisation and de-regulation saw banks, telecommunications companies, hospitals and universities being run by private entities, leading to demands for the extension of freedom of information legislation to cover private bodies. 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