from the cape to cairo cartoon analysis

After Many Years. If you dont do it I shall have to., The First Duty. The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. Published in Punch Magazine 28, November 1906. Written by the French Africanist and . Almost exactly eight years subsequent to this cartoon's publication, former president Theodore Roosevelt emerged from a long safari in Africa and, invited to speak in Cairo, Egypt, lectured the British about proper colonial administration -- "or leave Egypt. Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade: the Asia Market. 11, Issue 40, No. Our Civilized Heathen asks what is civilized and who are the heathen. Name: From the Cape to Cairo Material: Color offset lithograph Size: Unknown Date: 1898 Place of Origin: New York City Location: Unknown Source and Registration#: Created by Joseph Keppler John Woods Professor of Iranian and Central Asian History and of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, The University of Chicago Alexander Barna Whom or what did you include or leave out of the image? A post-conflict report calculated that close to 28,000 white Boers perished (the vast majority of them children under sixteen), while fatalities among incarcerated native Africans numbered over 14,000 at the very least. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. Citing Primary Sources. With little opposition, Allied troops foraged for food and water in deserted villages, where the few who remainedoften servants left to protect propertyusually met with violence. From breathtaking sights to local culture, Africa is the heartbeat of the world, and anyone lucky . The Exploration of Africa: From Cairo to the Cape ( French: L'Afrique des explorateurs : Vers les sources du Nil, lit. title not id. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!. | Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". Expansionism promulgated under the banner of civilization could not escape being carried out in global military campaigns, referred to as the savage wars of peace in the third stanza: Such avowed paternalism towards other cultures recast the invasion of their lands as altruistic service to humankind. Women and children were included among the Boer prisoners of the British. So, if we do our duty aright in the Philippines, we will add to that national renown which is the highest and finest part of national life, will greatly benefit the people of the Philippine Islands, and, above all, we will play our part well in the great work of uplifting mankind. Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through 18, No. The British had just subdued the Dutch-descended Boers, in southern Africa. From the C - ER9554 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. China, shown gripping a schoolbook in the doorway, has not yet entered the scene. is the caption of a cartoon by Pucks Udo Keppler in which Confucius and Jesus Christ look down on the warring Boxers and missionaries. When a Chinese coolie strikes a French soldier the result is a public cry of Barbarity! But when a French soldier strikes a coolie, it's a necessary blow for civilization. Ren Georges Hermann-Paul,Le Cri de Paris, July 10, 1899. Co., Puck Bldg. In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is The caption, From the Cape to Cairo. the younger Keppler also contributed cartoons, and became co-owner of the magazine after his father's death, when he changed his name to Joseph Keppler. What impact might this have on its perspective or bias? Smith, Arthur Henderson. in: Puck, v . Families were burned out of their homes and imprisoned in concentration camps. Publisher. The caption, "From the Cape to Cairo. Is the item digitized? 83-108 (2006). Pro-imperialist cartoons often depicted the West as literally shining the light of civilization and progress on barbaric peoples. Esherick, Joseph. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. He was also a collector of . John Bull and Uncle Sam lift the globe, turned toward Asia and the Pacific, to the heavens. 1 print : chromolithograph. The long text accompanying this grim illustration reads as follows: It appears that the Filipinos have lost confidence in Americans. | Print shows John Bull reclining on luggage labeled "J.B." and boxes of "War Supplies" and "Commissary Supplies" at the "Hotel Egypt" where an Egyptian man is hanging 1 print : chromolithograph. The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. Klein, Thoralf. In often searing graphics, they challenged the complacent propagandists for Western expansion by addressing (and illustrating) a devastating question about the savage wars of peace. On June 21 the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on the Allied nations. Sitemap Keppler, Udo J., Artist. Photograph. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the worlds barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of the Boers (Official Report to the War Office. 27-1-09 (July 6, 2009). There, membership in militant secret societies swelled, most prominently in the Yi He Quan (Society of the Righteous Fist), a sect known to Westerners as the Boxers. Here the Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines a headlight upon a raging dragon and sword-wielding Chinese Boxer whose banner reads 400 Million Barbarians. In the imagery of the civilizing mission, China is portrayed as both backward and savage. He is greeted with open arms by a mandarin and Wanted signs articulating prodigious opportunities for business. Imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, in the distance, probably France are borne on the backs of subjugated people in the Philippines, India, and Africa. The countries have been jumbled to align them with American or British imperialistic interests. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. The strategy was among several emerging in these small wars of the turn of the century. Periodicals like Life in the U.S. (predecessor to the later famous weekly of the same title), as well as French and German publications, printed both poignant and outraged visual arguments against the imperialist tide, often with acute sensitivity to its racist underpinnings. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. School Begins. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! In the caption, Uncle Sam lectures: (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! Generic names on the gravestones are coupled with places of origin, including England, Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt, indicating the diversity of those recruited to fight and die for the British Empire. England, a caricature, multiples hands over countries, Top hat, 2000s stereotypical villain, water, lands countries. Barbarism lies at the base of the mountain to be climbed by Uncle Sam and John Bullwith civilization far off at the hoped-for end of the journey, where a glowing figure proffers education and liberty. The fifth stanza of Kiplings poem refers to an ascent toward the light: Barbarisms companion attributes of backwardness, spelled out on the boulders underfoot, include oppression, brutality, vice, cannibalism, slavery, and cruelty. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. (doi:10.1093/cjip/pol005), Faunce, Rev. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in An iron railing through which an electric current runs is the healthiest and safest of fences. The caption quotes one of the presidents speeches: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers. In an unprecedented alliance, the second expeditionary force was comprised of (from largest troop size to smallest) Japan, Russia, Great Britain, France, U.S., Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Source:William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library. Tan, Chester C.The Boxer Catastrophe. In the popular imagination the Cape-to-Cairo railway of the future presented itself as a continuous line of railway . The image exhibits a racist hierarchy that places a dominant white American male in the center, and on the fringes, an African-American washing the windows and Native-American reading a primer upside down. First Lessons in Self Government. The paper on desk reads: The New Class. Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly: A Journal of Civilization, August 27, 1898. Translated from Russian. AHistory of American Magazines. And, After All, the Philippines are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. Emil Flohri,Judge, ca. To maintain its position in the international balance of power, Britain needed allies. - The anti-imperialist Life magazine was similarly attuned to the hypocrisy of cloaking military violence in pious rhetoric. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. Declaration of Independence:Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our In Library of Congress notes on this image, the seated figure on the left is identified as Minervathe Roman goddess of wisdom, arts, and commerce. Even the Civil War is referenced, in a wall plaque: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. Refuting the right of indigenous rule was based on demonstrating a populations lack of preparation for self-governance. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.McClures Magazine, February, 1899 (Vol. 1, July 6, 2015. A number of critical cartoons of the time addressed the unsavory behavior of the civilizers themselves, and the disparity between doctrine and actions. Edit. Language. Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. William H. Walker,Life, April 25, 1901. The feminine representations of imperial nations pictured here include Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. Oer The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? If you dont do it I shall have to. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 8, 1900. First created by the Frenkel brothers in 1935, who, despite their limited . Copyright 1902 by Keppler & Schwarzmann. New commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain. Jesus, In an 1899 cartoon, Ren Georges Hermann-Paul attacked the hypocrisy of spreading civilization by force by juxtaposing the words Barbarie and Civilisation beneath Chinese and French combatants who alternate as victor and victim. And yet Uncle Sam is always giving money to save the Heathen. Samuel D. Ehrhart,Puck, September 8, 1897. Accusations of atrocities against civilians on the ten-day march to Beijing were made in first-hand accounts of the mission. Looming just ahead for the two Anglo nations were turbulence and intervention in such widely dispersed places as Samoa, China, and Africa. Source:Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, By 1901, John Bull and Uncle Sam were bogged down in prolonged overseas wars at a cost, here, the "Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly" and the "Boer War 16,000,000 yearly." Stark images such as these helped make public a subject that was generally suppressed. The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. In the United States, the Boer War, conquest of the Philippines, and Boxer Uprising prompted large, detailed, sophisticated, full-color cartoons in Puck and Judge. Xiang, Lanxin. From Cape to Cairo by Bike | Free Documentary Nature Free Documentary - Nature 1.31M subscribers Subscribe 28K Share 3.3M views 1 year ago #FreeDocumentaryNature #Africa #Documentary From. Orig. Blocking its uphill path, the Chinese dragon crawls downhill bearing a Boxer waving a bloody sword and banner reading 400 Million Barbarians. The image puts progress and primitivism on a collision course at the edge of a cliff. In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (The Stranger) who is ridiculed. Thomas Theodor Heine. And the third was the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China in 18991901, which led to military intervention by no less than eight foreign nations including not only Tsarist Russia and the Western powers, but also Japan. A tiny female China peers at the scene from behind a wall. In the United States Puck, Judge, and the first version of a pictorial magazine titled Life; in France LAssiette au Beurre; and in Germany the acerbic Simplicissimus published masterful illustrations that ranged in opinion and style from partisan to thoughtful to gruesome. In the U.S., the 1860s Civil War generated suspicion that neutral Britain covertly supported the Confederacy. The boats crossing their chests, labeled Suez Canal and Managua Canal, show the importance of efficient naval and shipping routes through their distended realms. Hurst and Blackett. 1 print : chromolithograph. A rescue expedition made up of troops from eight nations, under the command of the British Vice-Admiral Edward Seymour, left Tianjin for Beijing. The regular army was dissolved after the war and the ironclad warships gradually fell into disrepair. advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served. National Endowment for the Humanties. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann. You will post your answers and your own cartoon on Slack #imperialsim. December 10, 1892] Explain the message of this particular cartoon using the details the cartoonist has included. Although Wilhelm II was famous for introducing the concept of a yellow peril, Germanys major colonial possessions were in Africa. After Allied forces were dispatched to relieve the sieges in Tianjin and Beijing, however, it did not take long before news reports and complementary visual commentary began to take note of barbaric conduct on both sides of the conflict. Brown, Arthur Judson. Although usually associated with the pro-expansionist proponents of civilization and progress, Puck on occasion turned a discerning eye on the double standards of Americas so-called noble mission in the Philippines and China. Lasting from June 20 to August 14, 1900, the siege was the catalyst for a rescue mission by the Allied forces of eight major world powers. Long May It Wave. The caption refers to a Bible passage in which belief is nearly, but not completely reached. What were the effects of Belgian imperialism? Within a barred room, its walls painted blood-red, a cohort of five army officers headed by a sword-wielding Major General Elwell Stephen Otis (1838-1909), military governor of the Philippines, forces a manacled war correspondent to write only approved dispatches. such as microfilm or copy prints? Designed using Unos. Our Civilized Heathen. "Major Grogan's Moves," EAS (15 November 1919), 7. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. Looming on the left, the Eastern Question refers to the long-standing British confrontation with Russia in the Balkans that would soon extend to conflict over Britains Cape to Cairo strategy in Africa. The poem acknowledged the thanklessness of a task rewarded with The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard and sentimentalized the savage wars of peace as self-sacrificial crusades undertaken for the greater good. 'Explorers in Africa: To the Sources of the Nile') is a 1991 illustrated monograph on the European exploration of Africa. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as 12/29/2010, Contact Information | Rights & Permissions, This resource was created by scholars at the University of Chicago and funded by the In September 1901, the French artist Jean Veber used the pages of LAssiette au Beurre to call attention to one of the often-forgotten ironies of the mystique of the white mans burden. His cartoon, depicting a vast field of flat stone grave markers, carried the simple caption United Kingdom (Le Royaume-Uni). It is all too easy to assume that Americans, English, and others on the home front could not see what their nations were doing overseas. The campaign met with fierce resistance and saw the introduction of concentration camps as an extreme maneuver against the Boer defenders. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Co., Puck Bldg. Thophile Steinlen,LAssiette au Beurre, June 27, 1901. In a run of 13 lithographs published in the July 4, 1900 issue of the French periodical LAssiette au Beurre, the cartoonist Ren Georges Hermann-Paul was especially incisive in calling attention to this grim reality. and Distributor, 2004). This cartoon is a virtual poster, or an emblem, of the colonialist mentality of the day. Africa is the setting. "MOJ 75-A 495": intended for microfilm. Commercial interests not only drove U.S. policy in Asia, but also shaped public opinion about it. Despite public neutrality, the U.S. and Britain covertly supported each other. Presence of a German fleet lent evidence to one of the justifications the U.S. gave for war with Spain, that is, to protect the Philippines from takeover by a rival major power. Library of Congress Duplication Services. Jones, Toby Craig. "To the Person Sitting in Darkness." 1898, Donaldson Litho Co. LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. economics. In the final years of the Civil War, U.S. naval power was second only to the great seafaring empire of Great Britain. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. The Pigtail Has Got to Go. Louis Dalrymple,Puck, October 19, 1898. Source:Library of Congress. Murphy, Erin L. "Women's Anti-Imperialism, 'The White Man's Burden,' and the Philippine-American War,"The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from Our Christmas Tree, including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, condescendingly drawn as grateful children. The racism and contempt for non-Western others that undergirds Kiplings famous poemand the civilizing mission in generalis unmistakable here. Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine C Theodore Roosevelt critiques a chapter of Elbert F. Baldwin's book, The World War: How it Looks t A bruised John Bull offers a "Tonic" of "Financial Help" and "Liberal Treatment" to an injured and Library of Congress Prints and Photographs. Published in April 27, 1898, the first cartoon calls the monumental warship The Sphinx of the Period: an unknown quantity in modern warfare. About a month later, a June 1 graphic picks up on the Sphinx metaphor and declares The American Battle-Ship is No Longer an Unknown Quantity. A pugnacious sailor and sweeping U.S. flag have replaced the inscrutable sphinx; guns are smoking, the Spanish fleet lies sunken below. Title from item. Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. L'humanit de nos soldats est admirable et ne se lasse pas malgr la frocit des Bors (Rapport officiel au War Office. 1 (October 7, 2013). The blackboard contains the lessons learned from Great Britain on how to govern a colony and bring them into the civilized world, stating, By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. 3, pp. Cohen, Paul A. In the United States, the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white mans burden rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain. 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization. A laughing missionary in the lead, blood-soaked soldiers of the Allied forces tread on the bodies of women and children while carrying severed heads on a pike. Estimates of civilian fatalities, on the other hand, range from 200,000 to possibly well over a million. At the core of the White Mans Burden is a reluctant civilizer who takes up arms for the purpose of relieving grievous wrongs, in the words of President William McKinley. ColumbiaMother! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 15, 1898. From the Cape to Cairo. This special issue of LAssiette au Beurre drew particular attention to the brutal tactics adopted by the British in the Boer War, including herding the families of the Boer opponent into concentration camps. Relatively free from European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. was courted for the role. In the civilization narrative, barbarians were commonly identified as the non-Western, non-white, non-Christian natives of the less-developed nations of the world. In this activity, you will analyze and then create cartoons about imperialism. All are erstwhile British soldiers. 1345 (1902 December 10), centerfold. Uncle Sam, armed and dangerous, cocks an eyebrow as he displays his handiwork: countless dead Filipino soldiers laid out in rows. In Vebers rendering of Les Progrs de la Science (The Advancement of Science), Boer prisoners of war are being shocked by an electric fence to the amusement of British troops on the other side. Simultaneously, the war against Spain in Cuba and the Caribbean saw the U.S. seizure of Cubas Guantanamo Bay in June, giving the U.S. a naval base retained into the 21st century. The campaign was stepped up to target the civilian population that provided crucial support for guerrilla fighters in both the Transvaal and Orange Free State republics. achievement, From the Cape to Cairo, published in 1900, not only chronicled the events of a harrowing two year walking tour of Africa, but also discussed many of the problems that confronted . | Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine Complications" blowing in from the right will soon pass; he gestures toward 1 print : chromolithograph. A mound of scribbled papers from an overflowing wastebasket testifies to the coercion exerted upon him to induce cooperation. In addition, the U.S. ignored human rights violations in the use of concentration camps. Ellen Sebring is an artist, filmmaker, and for a decade was the Creative director of the Visualizing Cultures project at M.I.T. View Rhodes_cartoon_analysis+FINAL.docx from HIS 123 at Duval Charter School at Baymeadows. Model students Hawaii and Porto Rico appear as docile girls learning their lessons. https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o276287. English. (1902) From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Shortly after Kiplings poem appeared, the consistently anti-imperialist Life fired back with a decidedly different view of the white mans burden on its March 16, 1899 cover: a cartoon that showed the foreign powers riding on the backs of their colonial subjects. Mans Burden, emphasized its hypocrisy. John Bull, whose portliness stood for prosperity, has joined with Uncle Sam to swallow the globe. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our In a post-Bismarck era, Germany was a late-comer to the colonial land grab in Africa and the Pacific. Illus. | More about Copyright and other Restrictions. Seated around them (left to right) are a feminized Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. The large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries is dotted with U.S. flags marking newly-acquired territories. | Illustration shows Britannia standing with an injured landowner and an African man, showing them a view of the future when "Enlightened Government" comes to South Africa after 1 print : chromolithograph. Ricard, Serge. The larger objective, to gain control of the Boer territories, was part of Britains colonial scheme for Cape to Cairo hegemony in Africa. Leur rve (Their dream). W. H. P. Signs of Promise.The Advocate of Peace, pp. Opposing viewpoints usually found expression in simpler but no less powerful black-and-white graphics in other publications. Three overlapping turn-of-the-century conflicts in particular stirred the righteous rhetoric of the white imperialists. Postwar industrialization and the introduction of new commodities such as steel and electricity gradually transformed the agrarian nation. Cartoonists portrayed Wilhelm II with increasing venom as a perpetrator of violence through World War I. A year later, Judge magazine published a two-page cartoon by Victor Gillam that sets the contemporary civilization versus barbarism debate against a grand panorama of historical carnage. (Some images display only as thumbnails outside Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Around 1904 or 1905in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)Twain penned a short essay titled The War Prayer. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. The words "Striding from Cape Town to Cairo . Colossal goddess figures and other national symbols were overwritten with the message on their clothing and the flags they carried. What historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? How such uncivilized behavior fit the rhetoric of the civilizing mission is the subject of the Life cartoon, A Red-Letter Day. Against a backdrop of distant flames, a Filipino mansympathetically drawn as tall, handsome, and heroic in contrast to the usual caricature of a tiny, expressionless savage in a grass skirtis questioned by a clergyman. Source and Registration#: Created by Joseph Keppler, Professor of Iranian and Central Asian History and of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, The University of Chicago, Outreach Coordinator, Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of Chicago, The Middle East as Seen Through Foreign EyesTwentieth and Twenty-First CenturiesImage Resource Bank, 2010 The Oriental Institute, The University of Chicago | Education in the ways of the West completed the political and commercial occupation. - Britain leads the way in this harsh rendering, shouldering the burden of China, India, Egypt, and Soudan. The United States staggers behind carrying grotesque racist caricatures labeled Filipino, Porto Rico, Cuba, Samoa, and Hawaii.. the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on A band of tribal defenders, whose leader rides a white charger and wields the flag of Barbarism, fades in the face of Civilizations advance. Der Traum der Kaiserin von China (The Dream of the Empress of China),Simplicissimus, July 3, 1900. The U.S. follows Britains imperial lead carrying people from Barbarism at the base of the hill to Civilization at its summit. Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled Civilization with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled Barbarism. Britain is digesting China, Egypt, Australia, Africa, Canada, and India. The laudatory rhetoric and imagery of a white mans burden and civilizing mission received a sharp rejoinder in a cartoon published by Life in April, 1901 under the title March of the Strenuous Civilization. In this sardonic rendering of the realities of imperialist expansion, a missionary leads the charge holding a Missionary Ledger. Immediately behind him march a sword-brandishing sailor carrying loot and a rifle-bearing soldier carrying booty. Science comes next, clutching lyddite, a high explosive first used by the British in the Boer War.

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