characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave1, 2011-2012. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . [7], By the mid-1960s, many sectors of Ethiopian society favored land reform. That is why per hectare yield of crop is . Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." A Review of Ethiopian Agriculture Roles Policy and Small Scale Farming . . The GOE, as part of its Livestock Master Plan (LMP), intends to transform this sector and increase production and exports of meat in order to generate foreign exchange. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. In Ethiopia's lowlands, for example, the presence of malaria kept farmers from settling in many areas. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. [7], Ethiopia's estimated livestock population is often said to be the largest in Africa. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. In the future, the government intends to work with the private sector to develop capacity to process some of these commodities, like fruits and vegetables, in order to add value and capture higher export prices. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually and agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of the gross domestic product (GDP). This includes: bolstering smallholder farmers productivity, enhancing marketing systems, upgrading participation of private sector, increasing volume of irrigated land and curtailing amount of households with inadequate food. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. [7], Ensete, known locally as false banana, is an important food source in Ethiopia's southern and southwestern highlands. Although the MPPs improved the agricultural productivity of farmers, particularly in the project areas, there were many problems associated with discrimination against small farmers (because of a restrictive credit system that favored big landowners) and tenant eviction. Note: Top 3 trade partners are calculated by imports + exports. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. At the moment, there are a few U.S. and foreign firms that have partnered with local companies in the milk business, which has considerable room for growth, as milk consumption is still very low. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. Private . Abstract and Figures. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . The GOE imposes an export ban on cereal grain and local prices are often higher than what they are on the international market. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). Primarily, growth in the market should reach 8.1 percent per year during this time frame. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. Second, because peasants faced food shortages, they gave priority to cereal staples to sustain themselves. Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. Potato is an increasingly important crop in Ethiopia, but the origin of local cultivars grown throughout the country is unknown. Under the Homegrown Economic Reform Program,the GOE intends to make the textile and apparel industry one of the economic engines that will propel future growth. The AMC set quotas of grain purchases to be delivered by peasant associations and cooperatives and also bought from private wholesalers, who were required to sell half of their purchases at predetermined prices. D. espite the countr. Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Jorge Morales Pedraza. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88 . Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). Meat and poultry processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. For the later two Regions, estimated numbers vary greatly between conventional and aerial censuses, but total less than 15% of the non-nomadic Regions. "Agriculture" (and subsections), updated with latest figures from the CSA. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. However, the removal of arable land for conservation projects has threatened the welfare of increasing numbers of rural poor. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 197475 to 33,900 hectares in 198485.[7]. In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. Agricultural products account for . The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. Local demand for meat, milk and eggs is growing as the economy and population grow. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. The importance of smallholder farming is increasingly recognized in rural areas where increased crop productivity and market participation can effectively improve their dietary diversity and nutrition quality. Agriculture. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. These programs should also result in Ethiopia getting to middle income status by 2025. The GOE encourages investments in meat processing, especially those that are focused on exporting value-added products abroad. fINTENSIVE FARMING. Foreign Direct Investment Attraction Events, Services for U.S. Companies New to Exporting, Services for U.S. Companies Currently Exporting, Leading Sectors for US Exports & Investments, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Licensing Requirements for Professional Services, Improve income and livelihood options for farming and pastoral communities through increased productivity and competitiveness, Raise export of agricultural output and substitute imports, Make agriculture a viable and profitable enterprise through value addition, Enhance livestock health access and quality, Preserve animal genetic resources and increase pastoral research, Improve the development of animal feed and access to markets, Develop livestock specific extension package for each livestock type. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. There also was concern that villagization could have a negative impact on fragile local resources, accelerate the spread of communicable diseases, and increase problems with plant pests and diseases. The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) Urban agriculture utilizes resources such as land that have high demand for other urban uses . [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. Kassaye Tolassa . Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. Both animals have high sales value in urban centers, particularly during holidays such as Easter and New Year's Day. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. The GOE has an ambitious plan to attain wheat self-sufficiency and halt importations. ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. Advanced Search Citation Search . Commercial agriculture using the river basins, such as the Awash Basin, is a recent phenomenon. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. Background Understanding the landscape features of agricultural lands and soil management practices is pertinent to verify the potential and limitations of the soil resources; and devise relevant land management strategies. The agricultural sector is subject to periodic drought, and poor infrastructure constrains the production and marketing of Ethiopia's products. Agricultural products account for more than 90 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country . Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 301-316. [7], Ethiopia's coffee is almost exclusively of the arabica type, which grows best at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. [11], Another major component of the Derg's agricultural policy was the development of large-scale state farms. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. The AMC was a government agency whose objective was to influence the supply and price of crops. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. The second type consists of brownish-to-gray and black soils with a high clay content. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. [7] Multinational agribusinesses supply these industrial poultry farms with high yielding breeds, such as Rhode Island Reds and White Leghorns. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. In addition to its domestic use, sesame is also the principal export oilseed. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. This is a best prospect for Ethiopia. [27], Poultry farming is widely practiced in Ethiopia; almost every farmstead keeps some poultry for consumption and for cash sale. Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. State farms sold their output to the AMC. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. Therefore, investment in commercial farming requires considerable due diligence. Land tenure rights as well as natural disasters, such as floods, hamper the countrys ability to quickly expand cotton production. Since the 2000s, Ethiopia has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. As a result, agriculture continued to grow, albeit below the population growth rate. Agriculture accounted for 50% of GDP, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006 and 2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9% and 80% in 20022003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. However, production is constrained in part by outdated ginneries and limited availability of quality inputs, including seed, fertilizer, and pest control agents. Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. Merkebu Getachew. [12], In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[13]. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. Of an estimated 750,000 hectares of private commercial farms in operation at the time of the 1975 land proclamation, 67,000 hectares were converted into State Farms that, beginning in 1979, were operated by a new Ministry of State Farms. Section D. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Moreover, the emperor's inability to implement meaningful land reform perpetuated a system in which aristocrats and the church owned most of the farmland and in which most farmers were tenants who had to provide as much as 50% of their crops as rent. [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. Land use function 2 2.2. The government mobilized farmers and organized "food for work" projects to build terraces and plant trees. A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. Wubne, Mulatu. The manufacturing sector plays a marginal role in employment generation, exports, output, and inter-sectoral linkages. However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. In addition to wheat, the demand for oilseeds, such as soybeans and Niger seed, is expected to grow as Ethiopias demand for both cooking oil and livestock feed increases. The ten-year plan called for an increase in the size of state farms producing coffee from 14,000 to 15,000 hectares to 50,000 hectares by 1994. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. Consequently, the country faced a famine that resulted in the death of nearly 1 million people from 1984 to 1986. The country, therefore, is expected to import wheat and soybeans in the coming years. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. ", Table D.2. As reviewed from different literatures household demographic characteristics, household resource endowments, social, cultural, infrastructural, institutional and economic factors influence the . The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. Agriculture >. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). 2. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. [7], Government attempts to implement land reform also created problems related to land fragmentation, insecurity of tenure, and shortages of farm inputs and tools. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. The directorates goal is to increase productivity, employment, technology transfer, and foreign exchange reserves by attracting investors with incentives and favorable land lease terms. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR).

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