titan 1 missile silo washington state
Nearest Town: Warden Hopefully I can find another of these somewhere close. . I do wonder if any of the other sites have a way in, worst case repeal in through the ventilation shaftunlikely the blast doors for the ventilation are closedmost were missing in the DearTrail complex. This guy chose is ideal missile. I have heard conflicting reports on the internet of whether or not you can. The daughter has an excellent 4 part video on you tube and has some history info on Titan 1 as well, this base still has some of the crib work in one of the silos https://youtu.be/HeJjxu2p8BA. . Apr 25, 2015. The J series resulted in minor changes to alleviate the second stage shutting down prematurely or failing to ignite. It was excavated for some reason, but nobody was sure if it was due to site salvaging after it had been decommissioned, or if a later property owner had done it (yes, that site is on private property. If you're looking for information on how to get to/how to explore the silo, please email me at missilesilostoose@gmail.com. "I've always known this has been out here, I've been in the guards for almost 20 years, so I've known this stuff is out here, I've never actually been out here to look at it, it's pretty impressive all the things that they've already moved, and the silos that have been brought down, there's a lot of work to be done out here, but it was kind of a neat experience just come out here and check it out," Royer said. In October 1960, the construction oversight responsibilities were passed on to the Corps of Engineers Ballistic Missile Construction Office (CEBMCO). I need to edit and post it on youtube. We done a lot of target practice out there on the surface and we would explore the tunnels while we were out there. AGO 1962 No. Where Are All The Missile Silos In The US? - On Secret Hunt "[4] Titan I's second-stage engines were reliable enough to be ignited at altitude, after separation from the first stage booster. Here are some great pictures of 568-A https://www.airforcebase.net/trips/titan/titan.html scroll down to(Larson Air Force Missile Site #1 (568-A) WA) Finding this website was a surprise because i was totally obsessed with titan 1 and 2s for years and thought i had seen everything out on the net. Today, the area is home to one of the most mind-blowing destinations in the state. The Atlas E and Titan I missiles were installed, and during 1961-1962, the ICBM bases became operational. The 98-foot-long, two-stage missile was fueled by kerosene (RP-1 fuel) and liquid oxygen, and was designed to carry nuclear warheads.". He could really make some money from that place. Simpson, Charles G, The Titan I part 2, Breckenridge, Colorado: Association of Air Force Missileers, October 1993, p. 5. Pictures brought back a lot of memories. One of the most fascinating sites I've ever visited. Cops didn't give us a ticket! Missile Silos For Sale By Government - KnowYourGovernment.net One site in Washington state had a giant hole cut in the power dome to remove the generators by crane; in the late 90's or early 2000's, a teenager died when he decided to rappel into that dome and somehow fell from his rope. The construction of this colossal war complex began in 1959, with thousands working diligently, and was completed and operational in 1962. Titan I missile silos - Google My Maps ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles) in Washington State I'm just curious. [47], The production of operational missiles began during the final stages of the flight test program. Frig I could never have done this alone! Thanks. The comment is from me Mike Rindos. It would be a wonderful place for my family. As I said before the entrance is nearly barred off but people have come and dug underneath the bars. [10], The Titan I represented an evolution of technology when compared to the Atlas missile program, but shared many of the Atlas' problems. The Titan I was initially designated as a bomber aircraft (B-68),[6] but was later designated SM-68 Titan and finally HGM-25A in 1962. This is a collection of the Titan I missile silo locations outside of Denver, CO. Thanks for posting your adventure there are many videos and pictures of Deer Trail but yours are exceptionally good photos with good lighting thanks for sharing. Nuclear missile complex for sale on Zillow, asking price $395,000 701-335-6525 . United States Air Force, The T.O. JURISDICTION - TITAN MISSILE BASES IN GRANT COUNTY - Washington 3 Dead in Crash of Navy Jet (11 March, 2013) . The Titan I was unique among the Titan models in that it used liquid oxygen and RP-1 as propellants; all subsequent versions used storable propellants instead. Note: Two stacked Titan-1 first stages created a perfect illusion of a Titan-2 Missile for museums above. United States Air Force, The T.O. Although Titan I's two stages gave it true intercontinental range and foreshadowed future multistage rockets, its propellants were dangerous and hard to handle. You can still get in as of July 2016. I wish I could have seen it before the control panels and other interesting artifacts were removed. Now being me I couldn't leave it at that so I did some walking around and found an entrance. 255257. This trail is great for hiking, horseback riding, and running, and it's . (acq. Underground Fixer-Upper: Q&A With the Owner of a Titan II Missile Silo Because I wanted to see some illustrations of a Titan 2 missile silo complex. The main improvements of the Titan I over the first Atlas's deployed were vertical storage in a fully underground silo and an improved fully internal inertial guidance system. Look here for more general information about Larson Air Force Base. (Radio-inertial guided Atlas D squadrons were similarly sited).[53]. Can anyone please give me coordinates to the entrance? The property includes 16 buildings, 3 160' tall missile silos, 3 four story equipment terminal buildings, 2 . [23] On 1 July, the newly opened LC-20 hosted its first launch when Missile J-2, an operational prototype, was flown. . Vert. Thanks for this. Just a thought of a way into the others. The plan was to load the missile with propellant, raise it up to firing position, and then lower it back into the silo. The location of the Intake and exhaust stacks are fairly well know. Above ground level, this 4,500 square-foot luxury house, located about 140 miles west of Dallas, has three bedrooms, four-and-a-half bathrooms, commercial-grade kitchen appliances, endless prairie and lake views, and even a private golf putting green. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Allen Pollard/Released), An official website of the United States government, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. If you would like specifics on good places to park and how to get from good parking areas to the silo, please email me at missilesilostoose@gmail.com. Titan I - Warren ICBM and Heritage Museum The Air Force's goal in launching the Titan program was twofold: one, to serve as a backup should Atlas fail; and two, to develop a large, two-stage missile with a longer range . Longitude: -119.054317 Titan I - Epitaph ++ Missile Silos . [46], The warhead of the Titan I was an AVCO Mk 4 re-entry vehicle containing a W38 thermonuclear bomb with a yield of 3.75 megatons which was fuzed for either air burst or contact burst. They're concrete reinforced with ridiculously thick rebar, with steel plating on the underside. The Titan I would be fully independent in controlled flight from launch to the ballistic release of the warhead, which would descend to its target by the combination of gravity and air resistance alone. Green, Warren E.. One of the nation's aged Titan II intercontinental ballistic missiles developed a leak early yesterday morning, sending a red plume of poisonous propellant fuel into the Kansas sky . Not sure if he's still alive or not, but he was an old curmudgeon who was known for having some screws loose.) The remaining 50 missiles were scrapped at Mira Loma AFS near San Bernardino, CA; the last was broken up in 1972, in accordance with the SALT-I Treaty of 1 February 1972. [79], Titan-I ICBM SM vehicles being destroyed at Mira Loma AFS for the SALT-1 Treaty, Of the 33 Titan I Strategic Missiles and two (plus five possible) Research and Development Missiles that were not launched, destroyed, or scrapped, several survive today:[citation needed]. missile silo for sale. . Boeing 727 & NA CT-39A. I take as many safety precautions as I can, and if anything terrible should ever happen to me, at least I'll have died doing what I love most. Missile silo designed to withstand nuclear strike on sale for $380K . Prices range from $133K ("Underground structures flooded") to a 210-acre Titan-F site for $1.45M. [16] However, the Sputnik crisis, which started 5 October 1957, ended any talk of canceling Titan. Missile J-6 on 24 October set a record by flying 6100 miles. Originally designed as a backup in case the U.S. Air Force's SM-65 Atlas missile development ran into problems, the Titan was ultimately beaten into service by Atlas. [60] The sites also had to be close enough that if a site's guidance system failed it could "handover" its missiles to another site of the squadron.[61][62]. Titan I at Larson AFB, Washington - themilitarystandard.com I need to go to the Titan museum one of these days. The missiles were stored in massive underground silos, which were constructed in the early 1960s and closed in the early 1980s. Spokane, Washington Est. Below is a drawing of the Titan 1 Missile Silo. Abandoned Missile Silo Under Colorado Is Hidden In The Hills Scuba Diving in a Missile Silo! (Titan 1) - YouTube In storage, SM-86 61-4513 Beale AFB (not on display, was horizontal, removed 1994) Horizontal, SM-89 61-4516 (st. 2) Pima Air Museum, outside DM AFB, Tucson, Arizona, now WPAFB Horizontal, SM-92 61-4519 (st. 1) Kansas Cosmosphere, Hutchinson, Kansas. After it's renovated with houses in all access points above ground. It was meant to cyclonically separate out contaminated particles, so the base could be supplied with clean air even though it would've been completely sealed off to the rest of the world. I hope you all enjoyed my journey into the belly of the Titan. I called it's day and came back the following weekend and went inside. May 19, 1883 . The Mk 4 RV also deployed penetration aids in the form of mylar balloons which replicated the radar signature of the Mk 4 RV. They're giant concrete stacks sticking out of the ground less than 100 feet from the access portal. The Titan I (SM-68A) program began in January 1955 and took shape in parallel with the Atlas (SM-65/HGM-25) intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). Go. Two decades ago, Nik Stroiney toured the Titan Missile Museum in Arizona. An explosion that lit up the night sky like daylight destroyed an underground Titan II missile silo here early today, killing one airman, injuring at least 21 . (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Allen Pollard/Released), A photo of what used to be the 851st Strategic Missile Squadron, Titan 1 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Complex 4C tunnels at Chico, Calif., May 23, 2013. 1960s Horizontal, SM-81 61-4508 Kansas Cosmosphere, Hutchinson, Kansas. 57 acres in Adams County, Washington - Lands of America The Titan I could hold a W38 or W49 warhead with explosive power of 3.75 megatons or 1.44 megatons respectively. [52] The decision was made to deploy Titan squadrons in a "hardened" 3 X 3 (three sites with one control center and three silos each) to reduce the number of guidance systems required. I've only been the one time, but I'd love to go back. They I went to yahoo. Not sure if this is true because I haven't tried and not sure which house it is, a there are 4 or 5 pretty close to the location of the silo. On September 28, 1962, SAC placed the 568th Strategic Missile Squadron on operational status in time for the Cuban missile crisis. Sad to see all the graffiti. Brendan Smialowski/ Getty In 1961, President John F. Kennedy sent out a letter to American citizens warning them about the threat of nuclear war. Horizontal (only stage 2), SM-94 61-4521 (st. 1) Kansas Cosmosphere, Hutchinson, Kansas. This one-of-a kind museum gives visitors a rare look at the technology used by the United States to deter nuclear war. Flyaway cost: $1,500,000 each, in 1962 dollars. As a result of the ensuing recommendations, the USAF established the Western Development Division and Brigadier General Bernard Schriever was detailed to command it. List of all Titan I site Coordinates, 30th LRS air terminal: a small shop with large responsibilities - Santa Maria Times (subscription), U.S. Senate OKs amendment requiring annual missile defense tests - Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, US missile site in Ravenna to get first public airing - Akron Beacon Journal, Pentagon Launches Test Missile from Vandenberg - NBC 7 San Diego, Law Enforcement Torch Run crosses VAFB - Santa Maria Times (subscription), Iridium's SpaceX launch slowed by Vandenberg bottleneck - SpaceNews, US Air Force test-launches Minuteman missile from Vandenberg Air Force Base - LA Daily News, Missile-Defense Interceptor Flies From Vandenberg Air Force Base - Noozhawk, Seven detained at Vandenberg missile protest - Santa Maria Sun, L-3 Wins Consolidated Air Force Satellite Control Network Contract - Signal Magazine, Final Titan Rocket Launch Ends an Era (10/20/2005), Peacekeeper nuclear missile officially deactivated (9/20/2005), Blue Origin rocket plans detailed (6/13/2005). Now you can own one of the rarest nuclear hardened underground structures in the world! I've heard it's amazing. Colonel George W.1962 Lowry Area History 29 September 1958 December 1961, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Ballistic Missile Construction Office (CEBMCO), 1962, pg. That must have been amazing! Vert. Missile M-1's second stage lost thrust when the hydraulic pump failed. We successfully explored around half of the silo in 90 and made it out with no tickets. Diving Deep in the Heart of Texas - Valhalla Nuclear Missile Silo (acq. The MIRACL Near Infrared Laser, at White Sands Missile Range, NM was fired at a stationary Titan I second stage that was fixed to the ground. One pad umbilical failed to detach at ignition, and an automatic shutoff signal terminated thrust before the missile could be released by the launcher mechanism. Leave11 Company, F.E. Worked in the powerhouse. Simpson, Col. Charlie, LOX and RP-1 Fire Waiting to Happen, Brekenridge, Colorado: Association of Air Force Missileers, Volume 14, Number 3 2006, p. 1. The launch pads at Cape Canaveral were quickly converted for the new vehicle. The main silo is 180ft tall from the base to the blast doors. Titan missile base for sale (Google Maps). Though the SM-68A was operational for only three years, it spawned numerous follow-on models that were a part of the U.S. arsenal and space launch capability. It had guided over 400 missiles. And his fascination with these historic weapons and the underground spaces that housed them never diminished . Still it would be a great place for my family & friends. The stage plummeted into the Atlantic Ocean some 3040 miles downrange. Staging was performed successfully, but the second stage engine failed to start. Titan Missile Silo dive site in Royal City, Washington Abandoned missile sites used to be something of a hobby of mine, and I had loads of info on them at one point.I would like to correct a couple things though: the silo doors did, in fact, weight approximately 115 tons each. The blast and thermal effects within a dozen miles or so of each of these silo's will be deadly, and the fallout radiation will . Sadly, this one is off-limits now. HGM-25A Titan I ICBM 1961-1965 Operated three missile sites: (1 August 1960-25 June 1965) 725-A, 14 miles SE of Watkins, Colorado 393515N 1042742W 725-B, 4 miles NNE of Deer Trail, Colorado 39 . [49] There were 59 XSM-68 Titan Is manufactured I in 7 developmental lots. 2 tank dives going on now for $199.95. In September 1955, The Martin Company was declared the contractor for the Titan missile. [44] Martin, in part, was selected as the contractor because it had "recognized the 'magnitude of the altitude start problem' for the second stage and had a good suggestion for solving it. The Titan Missile Museum actually has a more formal name: Air Force Facility Missile Site 8. The flashlight I brought barely made a dent in the oppressive darkness of that huge space. Dives. Published: Oct. 22, 2019 at 6:19 PM PDT. Wondering if it would be safe to go at night. I worked at the sites east of Larson AFB in WA during installation and checkout hard to believe the complete degradation of what is left at the complex you photographed. 2500 sqft. 1954 October 25 - .LV Family: Titan. And then people could go legally. The silo itself is divided into 2 separate silos. The only total failure in this last stretch of flights was when Missile V-4 (1 May 1963) suffered a stuck gas generator valve and loss of engine thrust at liftoff. It centers around a 1960s era Titan 1 site and missile which was buried and then reactivated decades later. you could live in the bottom of one of the 155' tall MISSILE SILOS and retrofit the 150 ton SILO DOORS so you could push a button and open them up - 155' above the floor!! But before you let that price scare you off, listen to what you get; The Titan 1C facility was built in the early 1960s at a cost of $170,000,000 (1960's dollars). Green, Warren E., The Development of the SM-68 Titan, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base: Air Force Systems Command, 1962, AFSC Historical Publications Series 62-23-1, p. 91. Titan Missile Silo. Cryogenic liquid oxygen oxidizer had to be pumped aboard the missile just before launch, and complex equipment was required to store and move this liquid. Monday, September 22, 2014 3:45pm. 701-256-2129. Cleary, Mark, The 6555th Missile and Space Launches Through 1970, 45th Space Wing History Office, Patrick Air Force Base, Florida, Chapter III Section 6. There is ZERO ambient light in here so its a. Because the RSO charges had spilled out the propellants and minimized mixing of them, the explosion was not as powerful as that of Titan B-5, and so damage to LC-16 was less extensive. If the enemy is close enough to drop gas in the intake.you've already lost your perimeter. Wow, what a historically interesting but seriously creepy place. While in operation, these missile sites were manned by the US Air Force 24 hours day/365 days a year. I just happened to check back on this thread today. Green, Warren E., The Development of the SM-68 Titan, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base: Air Force Systems Command, 1962, AFSC Historical Publications Series 62-23-1, p. 128. The USAF removed equipment it had uses for, the rest was offered to other government agencies. Really enjoyed it! ), SM-?? The bids were on fire, quickly jumping from the starting price of $100,000. SPOKANE Back in 1961 the U.S. Air Force, without any attempt at secrecy or stealth, hauled nine long-range ballistic missiles by truck . I went on December 30th with 7 guys this time instead of 4. Lately, many have been closed and the . Improved drainage around the complexes eased the problem. That's always been a dream of mine too. This was to ensure that if there was an explosion in a missile launcher or the site was under attack, only the exposed antenna and/or missile silo would be damaged. Vandenberg Launch Complex 395 continued to provide for operational test launches. Where are all the missile silos in the US? - Quora I was lucky to see it once, and was lucky I came the second time when he was already out, or I'd have a mark on my record now.By the way, fantastic walkthrough. Clean up and renovation too. By 6 May 1966 the Air Force wanted to retain 5 Titan sites and the General Services Administration had earmarked 1 for possible use. I was amazed at how long the tunnels were. 2 only) former SDI laser test target (whereabouts? I served at site 5B til it was deactivated. Green, Warren E., The Development of the SM-68 Titan, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base: Air Force Systems Command, 1962, AFSC Historical Publications Series 62-23-1, p. 4. Great post! Diving Missile silo - DCS Website Kaplan, Albert B. and Keyes, Lt. A follow-up test 6 days later was conducted on a scrapped Thor IRBM, its remnants reside at the SLC-10 Museum at Vandenberg AFB. (stg. Missile silos. He is quoted as being concerned about the potential for liability and technically he would be liable since it is foreseeable that someone would trespass to visit the complex which has many identified potential dangers and could likely be injured. The last Titan I launch was from LC 395A silo A-2 in March 1965. I have been many times and know it by heart. The Titan Missile Silo is a difficult place to photograph, not only because of the pitch darkness, but also the dust particles floating through the air tend to catch the light and interfere with focus. Watching a couple of videos. 233234. This seems exaggerated at best.Thanks!lucas@loglo.studio. In its brief career, a total of six USAF squadrons were equipped with the Titan I missile. Titan 1 Missile display at the South Dakota Air and Space Museum. It did not make economic sense to refurbish them as SM-65 Atlas missiles with similar payload capacities had already been converted to satellite launchers. Green, Warren E., The Development of the SM-68 Titan, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base: Air Force Systems Command, 1962, AFSC Historical Publications Series 62-23-1, p. 17. [22], On 2 February 1960, LC-19 returned to action as Missile B-7 marked the first successful flight of a Titan with a live upper stage. Did you see anything interesting down there? We spent so much time and money on these silos and they were only operational for 3 to 5 years in the early 60s. - . All that rust and that graffiti of the white eyed creature. Great stuff! [69][70], The final launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) occurred on 5 March 1965. [43], Titan I also was the first true multi-stage (two or more stages) design. You must have had so much fun exploring it as a kid. After reading your comment, I watched the part where I get to launcher silo #3. The flat, wide-open spaces of Eastern and Central Washington were also appealing, making missiles easier to launch. [15] Counterarguments that the Titan offered greater performance and growth potential than the Atlas as a missile and space launch vehicle,[15] the Titan program was under constant budgetary pressure. Green, Warren E., The Development of the SM-68 Titan, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base: Air Force Systems Command, 1962, AFSC Historical Publications Series 62-23-1, p. 24, Spirres, David 2012, On Alert An Operational History of the United States Air Force Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Program, 1945-2011, Air Force Space Command, United States Air Force, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 2012, p. 97. The bottom of the missile launchers are approximately 110 ft deep, and there is no ambient . Stay safe! I had a hefty wetsuit, and it was actually comfortable considering it was below freezing and snowing outside!The long tunnels to the silos were chest deep in water and half of the floor panels had been salvaged, so it was interesting stumbling around and stepping in holes without seeing your feet. These are MAJOR nuclear war targets, each one of these silo's will be hit with minimum one warhead with a fairly large yield as part of a Russian counterforce attack. 21M-HGM25A-1-1 Technical Manual Operation and Organizational Maintenance HGM-25A Missile Weapon System, United States Air Force, 1964, page 6-1. Missille Silos. In the news. Toward the end of the project, it had dropped well below that of comparable CEBMCO projects. (As always). The property sold for $119,000 to a Sturgis local, but the Royer family walked away with everything they needed. The pad was not used again for six months. Titan base cost: $170,000,000 (US$ 1.56 in 2023), Propellants: liquid oxygen (LOX), kerosene, 17 were test launched from VAFB (September 1961 March 1965), one was destroyed in Beale AFB Site 851-C1 silo explosion 24 May 1962, 54 were deployed in silos on 20 January 1965, R&D (572743) Colorado State Capitol display 1959 (SN belongs to a Bomarc) Vertical, R&D G-type Science and Technology Museum, Chicago 21 June 1963 Vertical, SM-53 60-3698 Site 395-C Museum, Vandenberg AFB, Lompoc, Ca. I don't want trouble and he seemed like he just wanted to argue. I went late in the summer of 2015 and there really weren't any "no trespassing" signs, the road was clear, and my group was perfectly fine. Tell your friends about this dive site on: Facebook Twitter. I never thought it was much f a big deal growing up right down the road from it but I guess it really does have an appeal to the adventurous. I tried to return about four months ago here in 2016, however, and the owner was patrolling his land with his dog. [67][68] When the missile was launched, the guidance radar tracked the missile and supplied precise velocity range and azimuth data to the guidance computer, which then generated guidance corrections that were transmitted to the missile. 21M-HGM25A-1-1 Technical Manual Operation and Organizational Maintenance HGM-25A Missile Weapon System, United States Air Force, 1964, Pg 1-52, United States Air Force, The T.O. I wouldn't be surprised if the entrance was more blocked off in the future, but for now it is still possible to get in. [36] From that point the AN/GRW-5 guidance radar tracked a transmitter on the missile. [27][28][29], A total of 21 Titan I launches took place during 1961, with five failures. Great writeup and pictures, thanks for posting. TITAN 1 NUCLEAR MISSILE COMPLEX in Colorado - OPEN ROAD COLORADO By 1:10 p.m. 53 were dead. Hoselton, Gary A., Titan I Guidance System, Brekenridge, Colorado: Association of Air Force Missileers, Volume 6, Number 1, March, 1998, p. 6. A decommissioned Titan II missile complex is being sold for $395,000 on the real estate site Zillow. Former Titan I missile site sells for $119,000 - KOTA-TV Awesome work! The Missile Base - Home Titan I 568-B Missile Silo Larson AFB Washington. Creepy Abandoned Bunkers in the US - Insider Titan missile base for sale in Moses Lake, WA (Google Maps) I have heard from a few different people that there is a really cool homeowner nearby with a huge American flag. 21M-HGM25A-1-1 Technical Manual Operation and Organizational Maintenance HGM-25A Missile Weapon System, United States Air Force, 1964, paragraph 1-159 - 1-161, Achieving Accuracy a Legacy of Computers and Missiles, by Marshall W. McMurran, p 141, Xlibris Corporation, 2008. The silos housed the HGM-25A Titan 1 the United States, first multistage Intercontinental Ballistic Missile. The Cold War Era drove a need to maintain missile sites around the country. Site plan and floor plan - Titan One Missile Complex 2A, .3 miles west The squadron was deactivated 2 months later on March 25th. Cold War relics: Deactivated Titan 1 missile silos surround Beale [8] In response, the Teapot Committee was tasked with evaluating requirements for ballistic missiles and methods of accelerating their development. Owner called the cops on us because we parked in plain site. I don't think it's accessible anymore though. Unfortunately, a broken hydraulic line caused the Titan's engines to gimbal hard left almost as soon as the tower was cleared. I hope if I ever get a lot of money. To follow up on my post above from November 15th, it IS still possible to enter the silo. Wow, I never realized how huge the Titan bases are! (stg 1 mated to stg 1 above), SM-?? I took a ton of video while I was exploring the place. Spirers, David N., On Alert An Operational History of the United States Air Force Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Program, 1945-2011, Air Force Space Command, United States Air Force, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 2012, Stumpf, David K., Titan II, The University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 2000.