crimes of the heart monologue meg

Old Granddaddy has always told her: With your talent, all you need is exposure. STYLE Henley was the first woman to win the Pulitzer for Drama in twenty-three years, and her play was the first ever to win before opening on Broadway. Im constantly in awe that we still seek love and kindness even though we are filled with dark, bloody, primitive urges and desires. Henleys drama effectively illustrates the intimate connection between these two seemingly disparate aspects of human nature. The Miss Firecracker Contest was adapted into a film in 1988, starring Holly Hunter. Meg, the middle sister, left home to pursue stardom as a singer in Los Angeles, but has, so far, only found happiness at the bottom of a bottle. Lenny enters, also weary. Berkvist, Robert. Because the threat of possible retribution by Zachary or other citizens of the town, Willie Jay has no option but to leave incognito on the midnight busheading North. Henley has made an important observation about race relations in Mississippi, in response to a question actually about recent trends in colorblind casting in the theatre. This theatrical dialect, combined with Henleys unlikely dramatic alliance between the conventions of the naturalistic play and the unconventional protagonists of absurdist comedy gives Henley what Haller called her idiosyncratic voice, which audiences have found so refreshing. The shooting, Babe says, was a result of her anger after Zackery threatened Willie Jay and pushed him down the porch steps. Their lives are lavish with incident, their idiosyncrasies insidiously compelling, their mutual loyalty and help (though often frazzled) able to nudge heartbreak toward heart-lift. Why do you think Henley chose to set. Stanley Kauffmann wrote in the Saturday Review assessment of the Broadway production that Crimes moves to no real resolution, but this is part of its power. Speaking of Babe in particular, Henley said in Saturday Review: I thought Id like to write about somebody who shoots somebody else just for being mean. At the end of 1980, Crimes of the Heart was produced off-Broadway at the Manhattan Theatre Club for a limited, sold-out, engagement of thirty-two performances. The action opens on Lenny McGrath trying to stick a birthday candle into a cookie. In 1986, the play was novelized and released as a book, written by Claudia Reilly.. Beth henley crimes of the heart monologue. And in that way, she succeeds exactly where "Crimes of the Heart" fails -- when she takes center stage, you're finally freed from the movie's perpetual limbo. Crazy things happen in Hazlehurst: Pa MaGrath ran out on his family; Ma MaGrath hanged her cat and then hanged herself next to it, thus earning nationwide publicity. While the family is often portrayed by Henley as simply another source of pain, Harbin felt that Crimes of the Heart differs from her other plays in that a faith in the human spirit. Lenny wonders at one point: Why, do you remember how Meg always got to wear twelve jingle bells on her petticoats, while we were only allowed to wear three apiece? Kerr, Walter. Feingold, Michael.Dry Roll in the Village Voice, November 18-24, 1981, p. 104. The absence of any prominent historical context to the play may reflect Henleys perspective on national politics: she has described herself as a political cynic with a moratorium on watching the news since Reagans been president, as she described herself in Interviews with Contemporary Women Playwrights. It opens five years after Hurricane Camille, in a Mississippi town called Hazlehurst. Good morning! Lenny, in particular, resents having had to take upon herself so much responsibility for the family (especially for Old Granddaddy). Babe hides from him at first, as Meg and Barnette, who remembers her singing days in Biloxi, become reacquainted. . Henley discussed her writing and revision process, how she responds to rehearsals and opening nights, her relationship with her own family (fragments of which turn up in all of her plays), and the different levels of opportunity for women and men in the contemporary theatre. With her confidence up, Lenny goes upstairs to make the call. The other MaGrath sisters share a perception that Meg has always received preferential treatment in life. Just this one moment and we were all laughing. In addition to drawing strength from one another, finding a unity that they had previously lacked, the sisters appear finally to have overcome much of their pain (and this despite the fact that many of the plays conflicts are left unresolved). A very brief review with a strongly negative opinion of Crimes of the Heart that is rare in assessments of Henleys play. A review of the Broadway production of Crimes of the Heart. Legislative action was stalled, meanwhile, in many other southern states, including North and South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas. But out of must not be taken to mean imitation; it is just a legitimate literary genealogy. The resulting scene depicts them swinging violently from one emotional extreme to the other.Im sorry, Lenny says, momentarily gaining control. Her second full-length play, The Miss Firecracker Contest was, however, predominantly well-received. "Crimes of the Heart . And Babe, the youngest, has just been arrested for the murder of her abusive husband, Zackery Bottrelle. At the same time, however, McDonnell observed many important similarities, including their remarkable gift for storytelling, their use of family drama as a framework, their sensitive delineation of character and relationships, their employment of bizarre Gothic humor and their use of the southern vernacular to demonstrate the poetic lyricism of the commonplace., The failure of Henleys play The Wake of Jamey Foster on Broadway, and the mixed success of her later plays, would seem to lend some credence to John Simons fear that Henley might never again be able to match the success of Crimes of the Heart. Draw from your understanding of Barnettes case against Zackery and Zackerys case against Babe. On the twenty-year anniversary of the historic Supreme Court decision on school integration, fierce battles were still being fought on the issue, garnering national attention. The South of Crimes of the Heart, meanwhile, seems largely unaffected by the civil rights movement, large-scale economic development, or other factors of what has often been called an era of unprecedented change in the South. In this essay he discusses Henleys dramatic technique. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Lenny loves her sisters but is also jealous of them, especially Meg, whom she feels received preferential treatment during their upbringing. TOM STOPPARD 1993 Babe takes rope from a drawer and goes upstairs. As Henley said of the Pulitzer: Later on they make you pay for it (Betsko and Koenig 215). Lenny comes downstairs, frustrated at having been too self-conscious to call Charlie. When Babe reveals to Meg her affair with Willie Jay, she admits that shes so worried about his getting public exposure. This is a necessary concern for public opinion, as Willie Jay might physically be in danger as a result of such exposure. Crimes of the Heart Monologues Research Playwrights, Librettists, Composers and Lyricists, The three MaGrath sisters are back together in their hometown of Hazelhurst, Mississippi for the first time in a decade. At the end of Crimes of the Heart, at least, the sisters have found a kind of unity in the face of adversity. Meg tells Lenny about his career as a failed singer . facebook . Its very sad. Crimes of the Heart Monologues - Read online for free. Barnette harbors an epic grudge against the crooked and beastly Botrelle as well as a nascent love for Babe. By the conclusion of Crimes of the Heart, however, hysterical laughter has been supplanted by an almost serene sense of joyhowever mild or fleeting. Everythings done with such ease, but it hits so deep, as she stated in Mississippi Writers Talking. 1, 1982, pp. Barnette reveals that hes taken Babes case partly because he has a personal vendetta against Zackery, Babes husband. Meg finds her there and pulls her out. The scene in which the sisters learn that Old Granddaddy has suffered a second stroke in the hospital, and is near death, is another powerful example of Henleys strategy of treating the tragic with humor. Kauffmann, Stanley. This moment of family solidarity is a significant turning point, in which Lenny clearly indicates that the private, family unity the three sisters are able to achieve by the end of the play is far more important than the public perception of the family within the town. The three sisters are wonderful creations: Lenny out of Chekhov, Babe out of Flannery OConnor, and Meg out of Tennessee Williams in one of his more benign moods. Moments like this are seized upon by Henleys harshest critics; Kerr, for example, wrote that Crimes of the Heart suffers from her beginners habit of never letting well enough alone, of taking a perfectly genuine bit of observation and doubling and tripling it until its compounded itself into parody. Even Kerr admitted, however, that despite moments of seeming excess, Crimes of the Heart is clearly the work of a gifted writer., Most other critics, meanwhile, have been more enthusiastic in their praise of Henleys technique. . . . At the same time, however, it is difficult not to find her unbelievably denseor, from a dramatic perspective, becoming more of a caricature to serve Henleys comedic ends than a fully-realized, human character. At the beginning of the play Meg returns to Mississippi from Los Angeles, where her singing career has stalled and where, she later tells Doc, she had a nervous breakdown and ended up in the psychiatric ward of the county hospital. Chick expresses displeasure with other facets of the MaGraths family, as she gives Lenny a birthday presenta box of candy. We are dealing here with the reunion in Hazlehurst, Mississippi, of the three MaGrath sisters (note that even in her names Miss Henley always hits the right ludicrous note). The sisters first cousin, who is twenty-nine years old. Its sad. Growing out of its roots in the 1960s, the movement to define and defend the civil rights of women also continued. that Henley has yet to match either the dramatic complexity or the theatrical success of Crimes of the Heart. The sisters unite with an intense young lawyer to save Babe from a murder charge, and overcome their family's painful past. Lenny confronts Chick and tells her to leave; she does, but continues to curses the family as Lenny chases her out the door. The following morning. Events; The content of those monologues only makes matters worse. Kerr is insightful about the delicate balance Henley strikes in her playbetween humor and tragedy, between the hurtful actions of some the characters and the positive impressions of them the audience is nevertheless expected to maintain. because of their human needs and struggles. Meg: I hear ya got two kids. 290-91. THE THREE SISTERS ARE WONDERFUL CREATIONS: LENNY OUT OF CHEKHOV, BABE OUT OF FLANNERY OCONNOR, AND MEG OUT OF TENNESSEE WILLIAMS IN ONE OF HIS MORE BENIGN MOODS. Lenny and Babe find many of Megs actions (abandoning Doc after his accident, lying to Granddaddy about her career in Hollywood) to be dishonest and selfish, but the sisters eventually learn to understand Megs motivations and to forgive her. From time to time a play comes along that restores ones faith in our theater, that justifies endless evenings spent, like some unfortunate Beckett character, chin-deep in trash. 80-94. By this time, however, she was growing more interested in writing, primarily out of a frustration at the lack of good contemporary roles for southern women. Accompanying the exploration of good and evil in Crimes of the Heart are its insights into violence and cruelty. I thought thats what you said. Meg, the middle sister, left home to pursue stardom as a singer in Los Angeles, but has, so far, only found happiness at the bottom of a bottle. The Magrath Sisters (L to R): Sydney Blackwell as Meg Magrath, Lauren Gunn as Lenny Magrath, and Annie Cleveland as Babe Botrelle . 42-44. Writing in the New York Times, Walter Kerr identified in Henleys play the ground-rules of matter-of-fact Southern grotesquerie, which is by no means altogether artificial. In this review of the Broadway production of Crimes of the Heart, Kerrs perspective on the play is a mixed one. Offbeatbut a Beat Too Far in the New York Times, November 15, 1981, p. D3. Women Playwrights: New Voices in the Theatre in the New York Times Sunday Magazine, May 1, 1983, p. 22. Crimes of the heart beth henley script. Lenny Magrath is a thirty-year-old woman. . Crimes of the Heart is a three-act play by Beth Henley. . It is also a touching expression of sisterly solidarity, while deriving its true funniness from the context. BABE: After I shot Zackery, I put the gun down on the piano bench, and then I went out into the kitchen and made up a pitcher of lemonade. 2-3, 1992, pp. I like to write characters who do horrible things, Henley said in Interviews with Contemporary Women Playwrights, but whom you can still like . Doc is Megs old boyfriend. Meg arrives, and as she and Lenny talk, it is revealed that Babe has shot her husband and is being held in jail. ! Lenny is clearly fixating on a minor issue from childhood, but one she feels is representative of the preferential treatment Meg received. She submitted it to several regional theatres for consideration without success. elite of the American theatre for years to come. For example, when Babe finally reveals the details of her shooting of Zackery, the audience is no doubt struck by her matter-of-fact recounting of events: Well, after I shot him, I put the gun down on the piano bench, and then I went out in the kitchen and made up a pitcher of lemonade. While Babes story lends humor to the present moment in the play (a scene between Babe and her lawyer, Barnette), we can appreciate the human trauma behind her actions. It is this unlikely dramatic alliance, plus her vivid Southern vernacular, that supplies Henleys idiosyncratic voice.. She will be defended by an eager recent graduate of Ole Miss Law School whose name is Barnette Lloyd. Lenny, at the age of thirty, is the oldest MaGrath sister. Two Cheers for Two Plays in the Saturday Review, Vol. INTRODUCTION When Crimes of the Heart was made into a film in 1986 it received mixed reviews, but Henley did receive an Academy Award nomination for her screenplay adaptation. And while Henley has broadened the geographic scope of the play by bringing you "offstage" (to the jailhouse, the lake, the hospital), her storytelling is still wedded to the theater -- the pivotal events are mostly recounted in flashback. Willie Jay, meanwhile, will be sent North to live in safety. Henley undertook graduate study at the University of Illinois, where she taught acting and voice technique. Oh, it's a wonderful morning! . At this less than opportune moment, Doc arrives. New York, NY, Linda Ray Babe MaGrath (Sissy Spacek) has shot her bully of a husband, which sends her spinster sister Lenny (Diane Keaton) into a dither. Drawing from Nancy Hargroves observation in an earlier article that eating and drinking are, in Henleys plays, among the few pleasures in life, or, in certain cases, among the few consolations for life, Thompson explored in more detail the pervasive imagery of food throughout Crimes of the Heart. Old jealousies resurface; Lenny asks Babe about Meg: why should Old Grandmama let her sew twelve golden jingle bells on her petticoats and us only three? Babe and Lenny discuss the hurricane which wiped out Biloxi, when Docs leg was severely injured after his roof caved in. Crimes of the Heart is a 1986 American dark comedy film directed by Bruce Beresford from a screenplay written by Beth Henley adapted from her Pulitzer Prize-winning 1979 play of the same name.It stars Diane Keaton, Jessica Lange, Sissy Spacek, Sam Shepard, Tess Harper, and Hurd Hatfield.The film's narrative follows the Magrath sisters, Babe, Lenny and Meg, who reunite in their family home in . Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/crimes-heart. Lenny makes the call; it goes well, and she makes a date with him for that evening. Under the scorching heat of the Mississippi sun, past resentments bubble to the surface and each sister must come to terms with the consequences of her own crimes of the heart., View All Characters in Crimes of the Heart. Much like the playwrights of the Theatre of the Absurd, Henley dramatizes a vision of a disordered universe in which characters are isolated from one another and are incapable of meaningful action. The play has an adolescent perspectivetwo insecure and lonely teenagers meet in a squalid section of New Orleansbut audiences and critics (who reviewed the play when it was revived in 1981) found in it many of the themes, and much of the promise, of Henleys later work. With the constant frustration of their dreams and hopes, Henleys characters could easily find their lives completely meaningless and absurd (and indeed, each of the MaGrath sisters has been on the brink of giving up entirely). Less than two years after being re-elected in a forty-nine-state landslide and after declaring repeatedly that he would never resign under pressure, Nixon was faced with certain impeachment by Congress. 9, no. Ludicrously horrifying honesty is., Because of the distinctive balance that Henley strikesbetween comedy and tragedy, character and plot, conflict and resolutionthe playwright whose technique Henleys most resembles may be Chekhov (although her sense of humor is decidedly more macabre and expressed in more explicit ways). CRITICAL OVERVIEW As Spacek, Lange and Keaton clamor for attention, "Crimes of the Heart" becomes less a movie than a three-ring circus, and ringmaster Beresford does little to direct your gaze. Chicks voice is heard almost immediately; her questions reveal that grandpa is in a coma and will likely not live. Doc: Is that what I said? With the prestige of the Pulitzer Prize and all the acclaim afforded Crimes of the Hearther first full-length playHenley was catapulted to success in the contemporary American theatre. Crimes of the Heart written by Beth Henley (Meg is heard singing a loud happy song. The play begins on Lenny's thirtieth birthday. There is a knock at the back door, and Babe comes downstairs to admit Barnette. Simon is a Yugoslavian-born American film and drama critic. HISTORICAL CONTEXT Few playwrights achieve such popular success, especially for their first full-length play: a Pulitzer Prize, a Broadway run of more than five hundred performances, a New York Drama Critics Award for best play, a one million dollar Hollywood contract for the screen rights. Her characters unobtrusively, but constantly are doing the mundane things that go on in daily life., The roots of our modern theatre in ancient Greece established a strict divide between comedy and tragedy (treating them as separate and distinct genres); more than two thousand years later, reactions to Henleys technique suggest the powerful legacy of this separation. Crimes of the Heart was adapted as a film in 1986, directed by Bruce Beresford and starring Diane Keaton, Jessica Lange, Sissy Spacek, and Sam Shepard. The production was extremely well-received, and the play was picked up by numerous regional theatres for their 1979-81 seasons. Many critics have joined Haller in finding in Henleys work elements of the Theatre of the Absurd, which presented a vision of a disordered universe in which characters are isolated from one another and are incapable of meaningful action. The entirety of the play takes place in the kitchen of the house belonging to the Magrath sisters: Lenny, Babe, and Meg. https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/crimes-heart, "Crimes of the Heart Meg: A boy and a girl. This time it is the Manhattan Theatre Clubs Crimes of the Heart, by Beth Henley, a new playwright of charm, warmth, style, unpretentiousness, and authentically individual vision. I have only one fearthat this clearly autobiographical play may be stocked with the riches of youthful memories that many playwrights cannot duplicate in subsequent works. Babe MaGrath (Sissy Spacek) has shot her bully of a husband, which sends her spinster sister Lenny (Diane Keaton) into a dither. Perhaps more important to the American social fabric, the many rifts caused by our involvement in the war in Vietnam were slow to heal. Lenny and Babe ruminate about when Meg might be coming home. Busiel holds a Ph.D. in English from the University of Texas. Familial Bonds in the Plays of Beth Henley in the Southern Quarterly, Vol. Haller marveled at the success achieved by a young 29-year-old who had never before written a full-length play. Based on an interview with the playwright, the article is primarily biographical, suggesting how being raised in the South provides Henley both with material and a vernacular speech. More: Buy the Play | Watch the Movie Click here to download the monologue Zackery calls, informing Babe hes going to have her committed to a mental institution. Like Flannery OConnor, Scott Haller wrote in the Saturday Review,Henley creates ridiculous characters but doesnt ridicule them. Then I got intrigued with the idea of the audiences not finding fault with her character, finding sympathy for her. This basic premise is at the center of Henleys theatrical method, which challenges the audience to like characters their morals might tell them not to like. While many journalistic critics have been especially hard on Henleys later work, she remains an important figure in the contemporary American theatre. Would you like a Coke instead? Then I got the ideahe was telling me to call on the phone for medical help. In a realistic context the audience understands that Babe is still in shock, not thinking clearly. Immediately upon her entrance at the beginning of the play, Chick focuses not so much upon Babes shooting of Zackery, but rather on how the event will affect her, personally:How Im gonna continue holding my head up high in this community, I do not know. Similarly, in criticizing Meg for abandoning Doc, Chick thinks primarily of her own public stature: Well, his mother was going to keep me out of the Ladies Social League because of it. Near the end of the play, Lenny becomes infuriated over Chick calling Meg a low-class tramp, and chases her cousin out of the house. The "present" of the movie is all dialogue, virtually eventless. It may also be a reflection of Henleys perspective on small-town life in the South, where, she feels, people more commonly come together to talk about their own lives and tell stories rather than watch television or discuss the national events being covered in the media. The tremendously successful Broadway production ran for 535 performances, spawning regional productions in London, Chicago, Washington, Atlanta, Los Angeles, Dallas, and Houston. . Walter Kerr of the New York Times felt that Henley had simply gone too far in her attempts to wring humor out of the tragic, falling into a beginners habit of never letting well enough alone, of taking a perfectly genuine bit of observation and doubling and tripling it until its compounded itself into parody. Throughout the evening, Kerr recalled, I also found myself, rather too often and in spite of everything, disbelievingsimply and flatly disbelieving. In making his criticism, however, Kerr observed that this is scarcely the prevailing opinion on Henleys play. A brief article published during the successful Broadway run of Crimes of the Heart to introduce Henley to a national audience. Act I: The Pulitzer, Act II: Broadway in the New York Times, October 25, 1981, p. D4. Support for the ERA (which eventually failed) was regionally divided: while every state in the Northeast had ratified the amendment by this time, for example, it had been already defeated in Georgia, Florida, and Louisiana. Doc remains . A rare interview conducted before Henley won the Pulitzer Prize for Crimes of the Heart. As an eleven year-old child, Meg discovered the body of their mother (and that of the family cat) following her suicide. In a rare example of reverse adaptation from drama to fiction, Claudia Reilly published in 1986 a novel, Research the destructive effects of Hurricane Camille, which in 1969 traveled 1,800 kilometers along a broad arc from Louisiana to Virginia. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. CRITICAL OVERVIEW Barnette also reveals that medical records suggest Zackery had abused Meg leading up to the shooting. Many people now have the perception (as Meg and Lenny discuss) that Meg baited Doc into staying there with her. Doc, who now has his own wife and children, nevertheless remains close to the MaGrath family. I could see only Southern types, like a cartoon.. 30, nos. At first, the only explanation she gives for the act is the defiant statement: I didnt like his looks! Students and others who had protested against the war remained largely disillusioned about the foreign interests of the U.S. government, and society as a whole remained traumatized by U.S. casualties and the devastation wrought by the war, which had been widely broadcast by the media; the Vietnam War was often referred to as the living room war due to the unprecedented level of television coverage. A much more recent source, this interview covers a wider range of Henleys works, but still contains detailed discussion of Crimes of the Heart. While on the surface, the laughter (both that of Lenny and Babe, and that generated among the audience) seems shockingly flippant, the moment is devastatingly human. Chick returns to the house, accompanying Babe. Lenny, the eldest, is a patient Christian sufferer: monstrously accident-prone, shuttling between gentle hopefulness and slightly comic hysteria, a martyr to her sexual insecurity and a grandfather who takes most, HENLEY BUILDS FROM A FOUNDATION OF WACKY BUT CONSISTENT LOGIC UNTIL SHES CONSTRUCTED A FUNHOUSE OF PERFECT-PITCH LANGUAGE AND EVER-ACCELERATING MISFORTUNE. Completely dismissing its value, Beaufort wrote that Crimes of the Heart is a perversely antic stage piece that is part eccentric characterization, part Southern fried Gothic comedy, part soap opera, and part patchwork plotting.. Often compared to the work of other Southern Gothic writers like Eudora Welty and Flannery OConnor, Henleys play is widely appreciated for its compassionate look at good country people whose lives have gone wrong. It is set in Hazlehurst, Mississippi in the mid-20th century. Despite the many troubles hanging over them, the play ends with the MaGrath sisters smiling and laughing together for a moment, in a magical, golden, sparkling glimmer.. Great Acting, Pity about the Play in the London Times, December 5, 1981, p. 11. Source: Frank Rich, Beth Henleys Crimes of the Heart in the New York Times, November 5, 1981. In all likelihood, "Crimes of the Heart," even with its Pulitzer Prize, couldn't have been made without its big-name cast, and for good reason. 211-22. conflicts that have unfolded in the course of the play, it does endow their lives with a collective sense of hope, where before each had felt acutely the absurdity, and often the hopelessness, of life. Meg reveals to Doc that she went insane in L.A. and ended up in the psychiatric ward of the country hospital. . She wrote her first play, a one-act titled Am I Blue, to fulfill a play writing class assignment. But enough of this plot-recountingthough, God knows, there is so much plot here that I cant begin to give it away. . In particular, Henleys treatment of the tragic and grotesque with humor startled audiences and critics (who were either pleasantly surprised, or unpleasantly shocked). Meg:Good morning! pathological withdrawal, so the laughter in the play is equally compulsive, more often an expression of pain than true happiness. . ." Berkvist focused on the novelty of a playwright having such success with her first full-length play, and summarizes the positive reception of the play in Louisville and in its Off-Broadway run at the Manhattan Theatre Club. Crimes of the Heart. The play was eventually produced in the Actors Theatre of Louisvilles 1979 Festival of New Plays. An ambitious, talented attorney, Barnette views Babes case as a chance to exact his personal revenge on Zackery. never at any point coming close to the truth of their lives. Feingold gave some credit to Henleys voice as a playwright, both individual and skillful, but overall found the play hollow, something to be overcome by the magical performances of the cast. Babe is devastated, and as a final blow to close the act, Lenny comes downstairs to report that the hospital has called with news that their grandfather has suffered another stroke. There is an awkwardness between the two sisters as they discuss their grandfather; Lenny has been caring for him (sleeping on a cot in the kitchen to be near his room), and he has recently been hospitalized after a stroke. . She defies him to do so and hangs up the phone, but she is clearly disturbed by the threat. Children under 13 should be accompanied by a parent. (February 23, 2023). People do such things and, having done them, react in surprising ways. Although Henley once stated that when she began writing plays she was not familiar with OConnor, and that she didnt consciously say that she was going to be like Southern Gothic or grotesque, she has since read widely among the work of OConnor and others, and agrees the connections are there.

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