names of families that owned slaves in texas

Religion and music were also key elements of slave culture. https://www.tshaonline.org, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/slavery. Email: info@aamdallas.org Slaves who did not work satisfactorily or otherwise displeased their owners were commonly punished by whipping. Negro Legislators of Texas and Their Descendants: a history of the Negro in Texas Politics from Reconstruction to Disfanchisement. Join Geni to explore your genealogy and family history in the World's Largest Family Tree. Although no major rebellions occurred, individual acts of violence against owners were carried out. Medical care in antebellum Texas was woefully inadequate for Whites and Blacks alike, but slaves had a harder daily life and were therefore more likely to be injured or develop diseases that doctors could not treat (see HEALTH AND MEDICINE). J. Harleston Read of Georgetown, South Carolina: 511 slaves. J. C. Jenkins of Wilkinson, Mississippi: 523 slaves. Texas was the last frontier of chattel slavery in the United States. The average price of a slave, regardless of age, sex, or condition, rose from approximately $400 in 1850 to nearly $800 by 1860. R. R. Barrow, Lafourche, Louisiana: 74 slaves; Terrebonne: 399 slaves. [24], Forty percent of Texas enslaved people lived on plantations along the Gulf Coast and in the East Texas river valleys, where they cultivated cotton, corn, and some sugar. 5.1 Biographies. AngloAmerican settlers were very alarmed, but within a year the State Congress of Coahuila and Texas, some of its Tejano leaders impressed by the pleas of Austin's colonists concerning the need for labor and others distracted by debates over different issues, passed a law that used the familiar practice of indentured servitude to permit the bringing in of slaves under a different name. Eliza Denwoo Henry David Rhodes, planter, was born in Alabama about 1819. Instead, slaves exercised a degree of agency in their lives by maximizing the time available within the system to maintain physical, psychological and spiritual strength. [11] Anglo-American immigration to the province slowed at this point, with settlers angry about the changing rules. Few battles took place in Texas, which acted as a supply state to the Confederacy. Cannibalism, Interspecies War: A Novel About Neanderthals And Early Modern Humans, In a Central Texas county, high schoolers are jailed on felony charges for vaping what could be legal hemp, As Texas STAAR test goes fully online, teachers feel defeated, Texas Education Agency projects confidence. Others simply called their enslaved people indentured servants without legally changing their status. Many former enslaved people fought with the Cherokee against the Texan army that drove the tribe from East Texas in 1838. The majority of adult slaves were field hands, but a sizable minority worked as skilled craftsmen, house servants, and livestock handlers. Legally slaves were categorized as chattel (moveable property), but they were men, women and children who clearly despised their condition of servitude. This did not mean that the majority of slaves were content with their status. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the older slave states. The payrolls for that slave endstream endobj 510 0 obj <. They often made matches with slaves on neighboring farms and spent as much time as possible together, even if one owner or the other could not be persuaded to arrange for husband and wife to live on the same place. African American Resources for Texas FamilySearch Brewer, John Mason. If I can figure out where an earlier County Coordinator found this I will properly reference it. East Texas Research Center. Texas Documenting Slavery in East Texas: Transcripts from Monte Verdi Later he was given leadership of a Spanish expedition. Andrew J. Torget, Seeds of Empire: Cotton, Slavery, and the Transformation of the Texas Borderlands, 1800-1850 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015). WebAn 1857 notice advertised the sale of two likely negroesa man named Strut and a woman named Rachel to be held at the courthouse door in Corsicana, Navarro County, Texas, to settle an estate. ILester G. BugbeePolitical Science QuarterlyVol. Leaders of the Mexican nation tended to oppose slavery, in part from revolutionary idealism and in part because slavery was not essential to the new nations economy, and therefore regularly threatened to limit or abolish the institution. Mario Marcel, "Foundation Myth in Political Thought: The Racial Moorings of Foundation Myth", Dubugue:Kendal Hunt Publishers,2011, This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 01:53. slavery [35] Enslaved people often lived similarly to poor whites in Texas, especially those new to the territory and just getting started. The Gregory School Historical collections at The Gregory School include: Access to Houston Public Library databases and indexes Books Pamphlets Periodicals Photographs Oral history recordings Manuscripts Newspapers and clippings Personal family archives and Ephemera documenting Houstons African American History and culture. Samuel Edney 1 Many enslaved people ran away. Blacks, however, could not testify against Whites in court, a prohibition that largely negated their constitutional protection. 389-412)Page Count: 24, Texas Runaway Slave Project. Slaves adjusted their behavior to the conditions of servitude in a variety of ways. [44] The number of enslaved people in the state increased dramatically as the Union Army occupied parts of Arkansas and Louisiana. [58][failed verification]. Since they politically dominated the state for decades after 1900, the only contest for office was at the primary level. But Texas was once the site of an illegal racket led by pirates who brought slaves into the state and sold them throughout the United Up to 80enslaved people and 37whites may have been executed as a result of the supposed plot. Slave houses were usually small log cabins with fireplaces for cooking. The cotton industry flourished in East Texas, where enslaved labor became most widely used. For example, Jared Groce arrived from Alabama in 1822 with ninety slaves and set up a cotton plantation on the Brazos River. Wood was born into slavery in the early 19th century on a Kentucky farm owned by a man named Moses Tousey, McDaniel writes. They may be related. Most field hands received two sets of clothing twice each year, with a hat and coat for winter. William Brittain 1 14. LEVI JORDAN HISTORY Levi Jordan arrived in Texas in 1848. As news of emancipation spread across the state, a few owners angrily told their slaves to leave immediately, but most asked the freedmen, as they soon became known, to stay and work for wages. TSHA | Slavery - Handbook of Texas We'll send you a couple of emails per month, filled with fascinating history facts that you can share with your friends. Cotton. Planters, for example, being generally satisfied with their lives as slaveholders, were largely unwilling to involve themselves in commerce and industry, even if there was a chance for greater profits. Family ties were a source of strength for people enduring bondage and a mark of their humanity, too. A list of resources for African American research of ancestors who lived in Texas. History of slavery in Texas - Wikipedia WebJoseph Marryat (17571824), owned slaves in Grenada, Trinidad, St. Lucia, and Jamaica. There were a few slaves in Texas while it was a Spanish province, but slavery did not really become an institution of significance in the region until the arrival of AngloAmerican settlers. Slave plantations were concentrated along the low-lying farmlands of East Texas. The Federal Constitution of 1824 did not mention slavery, but the 1827 Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas prohibited the further introduction of slaves and declared all children born thereafter to slaves already in the state to be free at birth. 1 Introduction. Most escapees joined friendly American Indian tribes, but others settled in the East Texas forests. States that had used it adopted other means to keep most African Americans from voting. Section 107 related to Copyright and Fair Use for Non-Profit educational institutions, which permits the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship, education, and inform the public. [24] Fifty percent of the enslaved people worked either alone or in groups of fewer than 20 on small farms ranging from the Nueces River to the Red River, and from the Louisiana border to the edge of the western settlements of San Antonio, Austin, Waco, and Fort Worth. For a complete list, please see: American slave owners Project Profiles. The disturbances were resolved through a combination of arms and political maneuvering. [34] Unlike in most southern cities, the number of urban enslaved people in Texas grew throughout the 1850s. Austin: Encino Press, 1974. Due to the state laws, he would receive half of the price he had paid. 1836-1864 (10 fiche) FS Library 6118915, Oral Histories Recorded at the Gregory School, African American Freedman's Savings and Trust Company Records, United States, Freedman's Bank Records, 1865-1874, U.S., Freedman's Bank Records, 1865-1871 ($), United States, Freedmen's Bureau Claim Records,1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Hospital and Medical Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Labor Contracts, Indenture and Apprenticeship Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Marriages, 1861-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Ration Records,1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Records of Persons and Articles Hired, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Freedmen's Court Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Land and Property Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Records of Freedmen's Complaints, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Records of the Superintendent of Education and of the Division of Education, 1865-1872, United States Freedmen's Bureau Miscellaneous Records,1865-1872, United States Freedmen's Bureau, Records of Freedmen, 1865-1872, African American Freedmen's Bureau Records. See the Heritage Exchange Portal for more information on how to document slaves and slave owners. [9] Of these, only 15 were enslaved, 4males and 11females. Online collections of Freedman's Bank records: The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was created by the US government in 1865 until 1872 to assist former slaves in the southern United States. IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. Monte Verdi Plantation family slaves honored in Trying to get around the Gulf Coast, they built five barges, but in November 1528 these went aground off the coast of Texas. Many of the fires had coincided with a summer drought, and new matches were susceptible to spontaneous combustion. Freedmen Towns Marr. A small minority (about 6 percent) of the slaves in Texas did not belong to farmers or planters but lived instead in the state's towns, working as domestic servants, day laborers, and mechanics (see SLAVERY, URBAN). Slaves in general did not lash out constantly against all the limits placed on them that would have brought intolerable punishment but they did not surrender totally to the system, either. 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. 4 History. During the late 1850s, prime male field hands aged eighteen to thirty cost on the average $1,200, and skilled slaves such as blacksmiths often were valued at more than $2,000. Most slaves, however, were neither loyal servants nor rebels. When searching, pay close attention to other individuals with the same surname. [29], The following year all those who had been living in Texas at the time of independence were allowed to remain. [3] Five years later, in September 1534, they escaped to the interior. Texans worried constantly that the Mexicans were going to free their slaves or at least cause servile insurrection. 3 Vol. These tensions came to a head in the Anahuac Disturbances. This page has been viewed 87,667 times (5,509 via redirect). They could be bought and sold, mortgaged, and hired out. [10], In 1823, Mexico forbade the sale or purchase of people, and required that the children of the enslaved be freed when they reached age fourteen. 3 Research Strategy. The customs officers offered the enslaved people for auction, and Bowie would buy them back. Texan forces executed one runaway taken prisoner and resold another into slavery. Before The Guardian interviewed him for the story, he said neither he nor Amy knew that side of their heritage. Most lived with a certain amount of fear of their supposedly happy servants, for the slightest threat of a slave rebellion could touch off a violent reaction. WebI believe it to be written in the late 19th to early 20th century and I provide it here as a historical article on slavery. [30] As planters increased cotton production, they rapidly increased the purchase and transport of enslaved workers. WebReturn to Slave Manifests main page Click on each Slave name to view information on that voyage. Houston, Texas 77004, African American Genealogical Interest Group WebThe U.S. census tracked the growth that followed, reporting 207 enslaved people in 1850 who made up 8% of the countys population and 1,074 enslaved people owned by 228 [1] For 1865 and 1866, the section on abandoned and confiscated lands includes the names of the owners of the plantations or homes that were abandoned, confiscated, or leased. In the fewer than fifty years between 1821 and 1865, the "Peculiar Institution," as Southerners called it, spread over the eastern two-fifths of the state, an area nearly as large as Alabama and Mississippi combined. Slavery Days in Marion County Dallas, TX Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas, http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. Marie Therese Metoyer was born into slavery but died a rich woman. By Laura RiceJuly 17, 20191:49 pmArts & Culture, History, Race & Identity. [34], Plantation enslaved people generally lived in one or two-room log cabins. The number likely would have been larger but for the attitude of the Mexican federal and state governments. The son of Capt. All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. In 1860 there were 3,017 slaves in Marion county 1,406 males, 1,611 females. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/slavery. In 1854, citizens in Austin and other towns drove many poor Mexicans from the area in fear that they might assist in revolts. P.O. [32] Some enslaved people lived among the cattlemen along the southern Gulf Coast and helped herd sheep and cattle. Dennis. [3] American Indians captured and enslaved the party, putting them to work as laborers. [8] There was intermarriage among blacks, Indians and Europeans. The 28th State in the Union To Anglo-American slave owners slavery was a practical necessity in Texas the only way to grow cotton profitably on its vast areas of fertile land. Slavery was also vital socially because it reflected basic racial views. Austin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1) B. Bandera 7 rolls, National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, New England Historic Genealogical Society, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library at Colonial Williamsburg, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Libraries, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Clayton Library Center for Genealogical Research, Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center, Natchitoches Genealogical and Historical Association, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_American_Resources_for_Texas&oldid=5253354. "Mike" Campbell, Joseph Henry 8 3. Handbook of Texas Online, [11] By 1825, however, a census of Austin's Colony showed 1,347 Anglo-Americans and 443people of African descent, including a small number of free blacks. Geni requires JavaScript! Americans of European extraction and enslaved people contributed greatly to the population growth in the Republic and State of Texas. The news organization used documents from Ancestry.com to confirm the connection. WebTexas Slave Codes 1821. 13, No. Black Slaveowners That Will Tear Apart Historical Perception The issue of slavery became a source of contention between the Anglo-American settlers and Spanish governors. When Bradburn arrested Travis on suspicion of plotting an insurrection, settlers rebelled. The Slave Narratives of Texas. WebAfrican American Resources for Texas. [11] In 1809, the Commandant General of the Interior Provinces, Nemesio Salcedo, ordered the Texas-Louisiana border to be closed to everyone, regardless of ethnic background. After statehood, in antebellum Texas, slavery grew even more rapidly. Texas did not, however, employ techniques common in other Southern states such as complex voter registration rules and literacy tests; even the "white primary" was not implemented statewide until 1923.[53]. Copies of death certificates were sometimes attached to the entries. In 1792 there were 34 blacks and 414 mulattos in Spanish Texas, some of whom were free men and women. "The Texas Slave Insurrection of 1860," by William White. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. Like Georgia, the Texas Democratic Party adopted a whites-only primary. Slaves were increasing faster than the population as a whole. O. J. Morgan, Carroll, Louisiana: 500+ slaves. Many owners wished to appear as benevolent fathers, and yet most knew that there would be times when they would treat members of their families as property pure and simple. [10], When the United States purchased Louisiana in 1803, Spain declared that any enslaved person who crossed the Sabine River into Texas would be automatically freed. Early books sometimes contained the name of the former master or mistress and the name of the plantation. CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS. Madison (1), 236 slaves. WebCategory: Texas, Slave Owners. 42 (June, 1948): 510, 511-12. Randolph B. Shortly before 1858 he moved from Mississippi to Texas with his wife, Mary, and five children. Slavery, The province continued to attract free blacks and escaped enslaved people from the Southern United States. But his response to me opens up a door for families generations of descendants of slaveholders and descendants of slave people to have open dialogue of this institution.. Most runaways attempted to go to Mexico. WebSouth Carolina's slave population in 1790 was 107,094, around 43 percent of the state population; by 1860 it was 402,406, around 57 percent of the total population. Rarely, an enslaved person also broke horses, but generally only white men were used for that dangerous task. 2021 Texas Standard. Sugar. Elisha Worthington of Chicot, Arkansas: 529 slaves. Such documents include censuses, marriage records, and medical records. [7] The 1783 census for all of Texas listed a total of 36enslaved people. Col. Joshua John Ward of Georgetown, South Carolina: For a time, many enslaved ran away to Texas. [5], Both the civil and religious authorities in Spanish Texas officially encouraged freeing enslaved people, but the laws were often ignored. 5.5 Emancipation Records. Tyler, Ronnie C. and Lawrence R. Murphy. Slavery formally ended in Texas after June 19, 1865 (Juneteenth), when Gen. Gordon Granger arrived at Galveston with occupying federal forces and announced emancipation. On the other hand, the legislature created political segregation; it classified free residents with at least 1/8 African heritage (the equivalent to one great-grandparent) as a separate category, and abrogated their citizens' rights, prohibiting them from voting, owning property, testifying against whites in court, or intermarrying with whites. During the pre-Civil War statehood period, a majority of Texans were. Basically if we did that then wed have to rewrite American history because most public officers particularly, our first president, George Washington, owned enslaved people, Berry says. The African American Library at the Gregory SchoolHouston's first colored public school, located in historic Freedmen's Town, serves as a resource and repository to preserve, promote and celebrate the rich history and culture of African Americans in Houston, the surrounding region and the African Diaspora. On the other hand, the institution may well have contributed in several ways to retarding commercialization and industrialization. Thomas Justice 2 11. AAGIG@dallasgenealogy.org, "African American Records: Freedmen's Bureau," "African American Heritage,", African American Online Genealogy Records, George Washington Carver Museum and Genealogy Center, Texas State Historical Association: African Americans, The McGowan Funeral Home Records, 1956-1995, The Southern Migration of the Keeton and Chafer Family, Slavery Statutes - Texas: ca. [27] Other enslaved people joined the Texan forces, with some killed while fighting Mexican soldiers. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. Most slaves in Texas worked: On plantations and farms. Slavery spread over the eastern two-fifths of Texas by 1860 but flourished most vigorously along the rivers that provided rich soil and relatively inexpensive transportation. This page was last modified 06:24, 6 May 2021. WebTruly giant slaveholders such as Robert and D. G. Mills, who owned more than 300 slaves in 1860 (the largest holding in Texas), had plantations in this area, and the population Later they were joined by lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca. In 1876 Texas adopted a new constitution requiring segregated schools and imposing a poll tax, which decreased the number of poor voters both black and white. , and his wife Amy, are descendants of slave owners. At first, the practice involved primarily Apaches; eventually Comanche children were likewise "adopted" as servants. Slavery The low wages the enslaved person would receive made repayment impossible, and the debt would be inherited, even though no enslaved person would receive wages until age eighteen. He On June 25, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act as unconstitutional,[55] a ruling which was shortly followed the implementation of Voter i.d. Moreover, individuals with family ties were probably more easily controlled than those who had none. A Special Interest Group (SIG) of the Dallas Genealogical Society John Robinson of Madison, Mississippi: 550 slaves. [11] To encourage citizens to report unlawful activity, most southern states allowed anyone who informed on a slave trader to receive half of what the imported enslaved people would earn at auction. In some cases, whites with the same name may be members of the former slave holding family. Field hands generally labored "from sun to sun" five days a week and half a day on Saturday. In comparison, good Texas cotton land could be bought for as little as six dollars an acre. Instead, place individual profiles into the category corresponding to the county of Texas where they held enslaved persons. Many slaves may have escaped such punishment, but every slave lived with the knowledge that he or she could be whipped at his owner's discretion. 10 Databases for Researching Enslaved Ancestors - ThoughtCo Jubilee - The end of slavery in America! [citation needed], June 19, the day of the Emancipation announcement, has been celebrated annually in Texas and other states as Juneteenth. Married Elizabeth Towles 1803. This is a mid-level category and should not have individual profiles added to it. MP for Horsham in 1808 and Sandwich (18121824). The last frontier of slavery was by no means closed on the eve of the Civil War. WebWhat percentage of Texas families owned slaves? Texas ranked 10th in total enslaved population and 9th in percentage enslaved (30 percent of all residents). Abraham Kuykendall 5 5. [23] By 1836, there were approximately 5,000 enslaved people in Texas. By 1860, that number had increased to 182,566. Was Section 1325 Of The US Immigration Code Sponsored By A Segregationist Lawmaker? Whites in the area defeated and severely punished them. John J. Middleton of Beaufort, South Carolina: 530 slaves. After that, he could legally transport the enslaved people and sell them in New Orleans or areas further up the Mississippi River. The slave population of Texas from 1850 to 1860 increased from 58,161 to 182,566, bringing the slave population from 27 percent to 30 percent of the state total. Lists of Slave owners with names of slaves 781 Slave auction in Austin, Texas, circa 1850-1860. 4 Cotton plantations. There they were raised to be servants. Levin R. Marshall, Concordia (2), Louisiana: 248 slaves. In other words, it was an underlying cause of the struggle in 18351836. 5.3 Census Records. Sean M. Kelley, Los Brazos de Dios: A Plantation Society in the Texas Borderlands, 1821- 1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010). Settlements grew and developed more land under cultivation in cotton and other commodities. The Neal family owned a plantation in Louisburg, Franklin County, N.C. Family members who went west all trafficked enslaved people with them and had the cash to buy good farm land. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. Texas, Special Voter Registration, 1867-1869. White Texans were fearful about revolts, and as in other southern states, rumors of uprisings took hold rapidly, often in times of economic and social tension. Sam Houston made illegal importation from Mexico a crime in 1836. Farmers. Brazoria County, for example, was 72 percent slave in 1860, while north central Texas, the area from Hunt County west to Jack and Palo Pinto counties and south to McLennan County, had fewer slaves than any other settled part of the state, except for Hispanic areas such as Cameron County. [48], On some plantations, many enslaved people left immediately after hearing of the emancipation, even if their former owners offered to pay them wages. WebThe slaves who remained on properties in South Carolina are counted on the South Carolina reports. Slaves, however, tended to hear the message of individual equality before God and salvation for all.

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