pros and cons of tyranny in ancient greece

It was different from a monarchy. The Periclean Building Program was introduced by Pericles in hopes of beautifying Athens, building temples, and providing . It was the Thirty Tyrants of Sparta, a group of tyrants in Athens appointed by the conquering Spartans, who are credited with giving the word tyrant a negative connotation. Thus, the tyrants of the Archaic age of ancient Greece (c. 900500 bce)Cypselus, Cleisthenes, Peisistratus, and Polycrateswere popular, presiding as they did over an era of prosperity and expansion. He initiated a new category of lawsuits where any citizen could now prosecute in court. Some even led to the creation of democracies. [22] In Corinth, growing wealth from colonial enterprises, and the wider horizons brought about by the export of wine and oil, together with the new experiences of the Eastern Mediterranean brought back by returning mercenary hoplites employed overseas created a new environment. Democracy Pros: 768 Words4 Pages. The anti-tyrannical attitude became especially prevalent in Athens after 508 BC, when Cleisthenes reformed the political system so that it resembled demokratia. advantages of tyranny in ancient greece. The word tyranny is used with many meanings, not only by the Greeks, but throughout the tradition of the great books.[11] The Oxford English Dictionary offers alternative definitions: a ruler, an illegitimate ruler (a usurper), an absolute ruler (despot) or an oppressive, unjust or cruel ruler. Tyrants could wield power in different ways, and Greek cities had many different experiences with tyranny. ; Tyranny - rule by an individual who had seized power by unconstitutional means. pros Many Tyrants ruled well and helped poor families by cancelling the debts of poor farmers. Great economy. 1. A tyrant could also be a leader who ruled without having inherited the throne; thus, Oedipus marries Jocasta to become tyrant of Thebes, but in reality, he is the legitimate heir to the throne: the king (basileus). A tyrant was little more than an autocrat or leader who had overturned an existing regime of a Greek polis and was, therefore, an illegitimate ruler, a usurper. Books This instability was the context for the emergence of Greek city-states. This system of government emerged between the seventh and fifth centuries BCE, as traditional monarchies and aristocracies were challenged. Most historians date the Great Age of Greek Tyranny from 750 to 500 BCE, ending with the ousting of Hippias; however, some authors extend the period into the 4th century BCE, embracing the despotic rule of Cassander in Macedonia as well as the tyrannies of Dionysius I and II in Syracuse. Simultaneously Persia first started making inroads into Greece, and many tyrants sought Persian help against popular forces seeking to remove them. From 251 BC under the leadership of Aratus of Sicyon, the Achaeans liberated many cities, in several cases by convincing the tyrants to step down, and when Aratus died in 213 BC, Hellas had been free of tyrants for more than 15 years. The Athenian Solon (c. 640 to c. 560 BCE) was considered both a politician and poet, even refusing to accept absolute power. Accounting for deaths in war is problematic war can build empires or defend the populace it also keeps winning tyrants in power. Tyranny has been an enemy of many countries throughout the years. In the 6th century BCE, Cleisthenes of Athens is credited for helping to create the first democracy in Athens. Sometimes he calls leaders of republics princes. If you had said this to someone in ancient Greece, they would have agreed with you. . The earlier tyrants who paved the way for democracy were seen as wise and enlightened, but these tyrants supplanted the democracy. There were several forms of tyrannies in Ancient Greece. Wherever law ends, tyranny begins." (71) The oppressive government of a tyrant could bring benefits to his people, even promoting social stability. Comparative criteria may include checklists or body counts. Battle of Chaeronea | History, Impact & Significance. Both Plato and Aristotle speak of the king as a good monarch and the tyrant as a bad one. by san antonio spurs official website. Meat was not very common as it was very expensive. The Pros And Cons Of The Delian League. World History Encyclopedia. 1. The Rule of a Tyrant in Archaic and Classical Greece [35] The third time he used mercenaries to seize and retain power. The outcome of the Greco-Persian Wars was interpreted as the success of the free and democratic Greeks against the autocratic and tyrannical Persian king; consequently, in Athenian writing after 480 bce tyranny became the hated opposite of democracy. In the modern English-languages usage of the word, a tyrant (derived from Ancient Greek , tyrannos) is an absolute ruler who is unrestrained by law, or one who has usurped a legitimate rulers sovereignty. After his brother's death, Hippias, who had been considered a very mild ruler before, became embittered against the Athenians and started to rule as a tyrant. Pros and cons Greek governments Pros In the democracy the people have a say Usually split up the power in the assembly anyone could propose an idea The leaders were voted on in some forms of governments anyone that people liked could be the ruler Cons some leaders came into power that were unkind | 22 He has a bachelor degrees in Education and Humanities. In Ancient Greece, tyranny shaped the future of the nation, and the world by allowing the people, though not by voting, to put a person of popular choice in charge. Citizens of the empire were circumspect in identifying tyrants. An aesymnetes (plural aesymnetai) had similar scope of power to the tyrant, such as Pittacus of Mytilene (c. 640568 BC), and was elected for life or for a specified period by a city-state in a time of crisis the only difference being that the aesymnetes was a constitutional office and were comparable to the Roman dictator. amzn_assoc_ad_mode = "manual"; "The Classical Definition of a Tyrant." The oppressive government of a tyrant could bring benefits to his people, even promoting social stability. The modern monarchy is typically a figurehead in the government instead of being the all-ruling overseer of everything. The rulers were not always brutal or cruel and hence the current meaning of tyranny and the old meaning were a little different. Dante mentioned tyrants (who laid hold on blood and plunder) in the seventh level of Hell (Divine Comedy) where they are submerged in boiling blood. The dangers threatening the lives of the Sicilian tyrants are highlighted in the moral tale of the Sword of Damocles. Upon his death in 587 BCE, he named Lycophron to succeed him; however, he was murdered before he could leave Corcyra for Corinth. In fact there were hundreds of forms over the many Greek states during Ancient Greek. But as absolute rule became established in the Roman Empire, the terms of debate shifted, focusing on the question of when monarchic power became tyrannical in nature. The term 'draconian' comes from Draco and his harsh laws. One such type of governing body was the city-state or polis. Some were benevolent and many worked to improve the arts, infrastructure, and quality of life for those in their tyranny. They that are discontented under monarchy, call it tyranny; and they that are displeased with aristocracy, call it oligarchy: so also, they which find themselves grieved under a democracy, call it anarchy (in Leviathan). There were several pros and cons associated with absolutism. Over 1,500 Athenians were killed during their violent rule. Pericles of Athens Accomplishments & Facts | Who was Pericles? They were merely another form of government. To mock tyranny, Thales wrote that the strangest thing to see is an aged tyrant meaning that tyrants do not have the public support to survive for long. One can apply accusations of tyranny to a variety of types of government: The English noun tyrant appears in Middle English use, via Old French, from the 1290s. Authoritarian rule might be beneficial (like with Mustafa Kemal Atatrk of Turkey or of limited lasting harm to the country (like with Francisco Franco of Spain). In the 4th and 5th centuries BCE, this model of military conquest evolved into the creation of military states. Peisistratus sons Hippias and Hipparchus, on the other hand, were not such able rulers, and when the disaffected aristocrats Harmodios and Aristogeiton slew Hipparchus, Hippias rule quickly became oppressive, resulting in the expulsion of the Peisistratids in 510 BC, who resided henceforth in Persepolis as clients of the Persian Shahanshah (King of kings). Rate: 3 (18990 reviews) Tyrants and Sages - Two City-States: Sparta and Athens Tyrants and Sages - Two City-States: Sparta and Athens Pros : nice appearance, quick website launch, reliable Cons : The information is not entirely correct. Monarchy. Historians have identified four main types of tyrannies (and tyrants) in Greek history. They were technically under Persian authority but had complete jurisdiction within their cities. Political and military leaders arose to manage conflicts. The Tyrants fled and were hunted down over the next few years. Here are some notable tyrants who can demonstrate the range of experiences. The earliest known tyrannies first appeared in the 6th and 7th centuries BCE. The word derives from Latin tyrannus, meaning illegitimate ruler, and this in turn from the Greek tyrannos monarch, ruler of a polis; tyrannos in its turn has a Pre-Greek origin, perhaps from Lydian. He was a military officer who organized the soldiers to overthrow the unpopular ruling Bacchiadae clan. 5. The constitution introduced by the Athenian tyrant Draco (c. 621 BCE) was the first time Athenian law was put into writing. Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. The Greeks did not have the same negative view of tyranny that is held today. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. The Classical Definition of a Tyrant. Although this Athenian democracy would survive for only two centuries, its invention by Cleisthenes, "The Father of Democracy," was one of ancient Greece's most enduring contributions to the. tyranny. The assassins of Caesar presented themselves as overthrowing a tyranny, but the removal of one man could not prevent the drift to monarchic power in Rome, and Caesars heir Augustus took control as the first emperor. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. The 3rd century saw the creation of new tyrannies that were less and less distinguishable from hereditary monarchies, such as the rule of Hieron II in Syracuse. The Semantics of a Political Concept from Archilochus to Aristotle," by Victor Parker; Hermes, 126. One of the most-successful tyrant dynasties ruled in Sicily between 406 and 367, that of Dionysius the Elder and his sons, and tyrants reappeared in numbers in the 4th century bce. Please support World History Encyclopedia. Remember that a tyranny was a government run by a single ruler who didn't have constitutional authority to rule. The city-state of Athens, 5th century Athens to be precise, is the inventor and first practitioner of democracy. Peisistratus also supported the arts and under his tyranny, sculptures, art, and literature flourished. The benefit of having an oligarchy in place is that it consolidates power to one dominant group.List of the 5 Cons of an Oligarchy tyranny, in the Greco-Roman world, an autocratic form of rule in which one individual exercised power without any legal restraint. Kingship, according to Roman historians, could all too easily turn into tyranny, and the later kings are depicted as tyrants of the negative typecruel, exploitative, and self-indulgentso under the republic, the Romans set their faces against monarchy of any kind. Explore how these types of government worked and a few examples of each in ancient Greece. Oligarchy. First, the army of Sparta was the strongest fighting force in Greece. amzn_assoc_marketplace = "amazon"; This happens because over time, an oligarchy tends to reduce its levels of diversity instead of increasing them. Tyrants used their armies to maintain tight control of their subjects. The political methods of obtaining power were occasionally supplemented by theater or force. Lastly, Sparta is the best polis of ancient Greece because women had freedom. Athenian democracy also had one-year term limits. [34] Early texts called only the entrepreneurs tyrants, distinguishing them from bad kings. Peisistratus of Athens was an Ancient Greek tyrant. Thus far, the Greek tyrants don't seem so bad. Cons They don't have any plubimng They don't have electricty They don't get to shower They work 12.5 hours per day to have one cup. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. N.S. Donald has taught Ancient, Medieval and U.S. History at Lincoln College (Normal, Illinois)and has always been and will always be a student of history, ever since learning about Alexander the Great. Solon would later repeal many of the Draconian laws, except those dealing directly with homicide. The ancient city-state of Sparta was a military oligarchy that praised its ruthless warriors; in fact, the more ruthless a person was, the better of a ruler they were thought to be. noun plural -nies. Ruled by a king: Monarchy. The Greek philosophers stressed the quality of rule rather than legitimacy or absolutism. Chris has a master's degree in history and teaches at the University of Northern Colorado. There are different forms of government adopted by the ancient civilization of Greece. The four most common systems of Greek government were:. Some that were more popular than others but all that contributed to the world as we know it now. Support for the tyrants came from the growing middle class and from the peasants who had no land or were in debt to the wealthy landowners. While these smaller offenses often deserved death, there was no more severe penalty for greater offenses such as temple robbing or homicide. Generals began to use the dictatorship unconstitutionally to achieve domination. For instance, regarding Julius Caesar and his assassins, Suetonius wrote: Pros. The Pros And Cons Of Tyranny. Although some of Peisistratus' actions . Individuals within a tyrannical government would rise up in protest against a despotic ruler and oust him, replacing him with more democratic leadership. Peisistratus (Pisistratus) was one of the most famous of the Athenian tyrants. In his article, "The First Tyrants in Greece," Robert Drews paraphrases Aristotle as saying that the tyrant was a degenerate type of monarch who came to power because of how insufferable the aristocracy was. amzn_assoc_region = "US"; During this time, revolts overthrew many governments[21] in the Aegean world. When choosing to live in Greece, be prepared for the differences you will encounter abroad. To many, the Greeks' world was a progressive, democratic, and peaceful world, populated by philosopher-kings, teachers, athletes, artists, and priests. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2117/tyrants-of-greece/. These early tyrannies sometimes led to an early form of democracy. Democracy in its extreme form is mob rule. That model was emulated across Greece in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE, as new tyrants emerged by creating military states. Thomas Jefferson referred to the tyranny of King George III of Great Britain in the Declaration of Independence. [27] Tyranny was associated with imperial rule and those rulers who usurped too much authority from the Roman Senate. These tyrants were appointed by Sparta at the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE. Gill, N.S. Greek City States | Ancient Greek City Governments. This was common in the seventh and sixth centuries BCE. Before gaining independence, America was under a monarchy, which at the time could easily have . This is different from a monarchy because in a monarchy a king is given the authority to rule while a tyrant usually takes the power by force. The word "tyranny", then carried no ethical censure and merely referred to anyone, good or bad, who obtained executive power in a polis by unconventional means. amzn_assoc_title = ""; The negativity came when the son of Peisistratus was murdered. He ignored the appearance of shared rule. succeed. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The philosophers Plato and Aristotle defined a tyrant as a person who rules without law, using extreme and cruel methods against both his own people and others. What are cons of Sparta? The biggest difference between Athenian democracy and almost all other democracies is that the Athenians had a direct democracy rather than being representative. He also identifies liberty with republican regimes. [26] The tyrannies of Sicily came about due to similar causes, but here the threat of Carthaginian attack prolonged tyranny, facilitating the rise of military leaders with the people united behind them. Succeeding his father in 627 BCE, Periander was viewed by many as a typical oppressive tyrant. Peisistratus ruled by threat of military force. Such tyrants may act as renters, rather than owners, of the state. They just may not have agreed that this was a bad thing. Corinth hosted one of the earliest of Greek tyrants. A tyrant's son does not usually inherit his father's power. Over sixty years ago, it was written of early Greek tyranny that it 'had arisen only in towns where an industrial and commercial regime tended to prevail over rural economy, but where an iron hand was needed to mobilize the masses and to launch them in assault on the privileged classes. The Chinese have mixed feelings about him. Robert B. Strassler & Herodotus & Robert B. Strassler & Andrea L. Purvis & Rosalind Thomas. [] This and no other is the root from which a tyrant springs; when he first appears he is a protector. In the 5th and 6th centuries BCE, Greek military leaders used the power of their armies to form mini empires and expand their control through conquest. In the Greek world, a tyrant wasn't a malicious or evil person. During that era, a tyrant was someone who ruled their government alone without traditional authority. By intervening against the tyrants of Sicyon, Corinth and Athens, Sparta thus came to assume Hellenic leadership prior to the Persian invasions. Aristocracy Types, History & Examples | What is Aristocracy? Despite financial help from Persia, in 510 the Peisistratids were expelled by a combination of intrigue, exile and Spartan arms. Many people were disenfranchised. The city-state of Corinth is an example; Corinth was ruled by a king. State of the art architecture. Our Locations. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Those who were advocates of "liberty" tended to be pro-Republic and pro-Senate. The government structure of the United Kingdom is a good example of this. 21, H. 2 (2nd Qtr., 1972), pp. In ancient Greece, tyrants were influential opportunists that came to power by securing the support of different factions of a deme. : Ancient Greek Democracy and the Struggle against Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Pros : a good demonstration Cons : The information is poor. Greek attitudes toward tyranny, as already noted, changed over time, shaped by external events. Most sources for Greek history are Athenian, and for them the defining moments of the Athenian state were the establishment of the democracy in 510 bce and the Greeks astonishing defeat of Persia in the next generation. similarly oppressive and unjust government by more than one person. For instance, regarding Julius Caesar and his assassins, Suetonius wrote: Therefore the plots which had previously been formed separately, often by groups of two or three, were united in a general conspiracy, since even the populace no longer were pleased with present conditions, but both secretly and openly rebelled at his tyranny and cried out for defenders of their liberty.[28]. Roman historians like Suetonius, Tacitus, Plutarch, and Josephus often spoke of tyranny in opposition to liberty. To Herodotus, he was a sage as well as a lawgiver. Pheidon's rule shifted the balance of power in the region and made Argos one of the strongest cities in Greece. Draco enacted a series of callous laws where even minor offenses such as stealing fruit and vegetables carried severe penalties. Wherever law ends, tyranny begins." David has taught multiple grades and subjects in his twenty-five year career. After Alexanders death independent kingdoms were established by his successors and imitators. Representative democracy Thriving economy. He chose to lay down the role and returned to private life, but his example was noted by Julius Caesar. If a leader was oppressive or cruel, the people would revolt and place one of their own on the throne, giving them more say. Tyranny isn't usually bad; it is always bad. History is full of tyrants. Tyranny was associated with imperial rule and those rulers who usurped too much authority from the Roman Senate. The city prospered under his rule until being overrun by the Spartans, forcing Hippias into exile in Persia. He's remembered as the model of the enlightened tyrant, who held absolute power but devoted it to greatly improving the infrastructure of his city and patronizing the arts. Like many other tyrants, he accomplished some positives for Corinth: he built a treasury a Delphi and with a strong fleet founded colonies in northwestern Greece. In the sixth and fifth centuries BCE, Greek military leaders in southern Italy established tyrannies by amassing large armies of mercenaries. Periander threw his pregnant wife downstairs (killing her), burnt his concubines alive, exiled his son, warred with his father-in-law and attempted to castrate 300 sons of his perceived enemies. Pros And Cons Of Julius Caesar 1255 Words | 6 Pages. In part that reflects a genuine change in political circumstances. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Create your account. He built the Great Wall and was buried with the terra-cotta soldiers. Chilon, the ambitious and capable ephor of Sparta, built a strong alliance amongst neighbouring states by making common cause with these groups seeking to oppose unpopular tyrannical rule. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. The Thirty Tyrants whom the Spartans imposed on a defeated Attica in 404 BC would not be classified as tyrants in the usual sense and were in effect an oligarchy. Afterward, Corinth was ruled by a lackluster oligarchy, and was eventually eclipsed by the rising fortunes of Athens and Sparta. After being defeated in the Peloponnesian War, the Athenian democracy was replaced by an oligarchy known as the Thirty Tyrants. A modern tyrant might be objectively defined by proven violation of international criminal law such as crimes against humanity.[14][15][16]. He took a ten-year leave of absence from Athens to travel and hoped the Athenian people would abide by his laws. 129-14. Drews adds that the tyrant himself had to be ambitious, possessing the Greek concept of philotimia, which he describes as thedesire for power and prestige. Tyrants obtained their power by seizing it, usually in the name of security of the city-state. The last tyrant on the Greek mainland, Nabis of Sparta, was assassinated in 192 BC and after his death the Peloponnese was united as a confederation of stable democracies in the Achaean League. Simplifying, Aristotle divided each into good and bad forms. https://www.thoughtco.com/tyrant-in-ancient-greece-118544 (accessed March 4, 2023). Josephus identified tyrants in Biblical history (in Antiquities of the Jews) including Nimrod, Moses, the Maccabees and Herod the Great. (2020, August 27). Great economy. Last modified November 28, 2022. While previous tyrants in Athens may have been viewed as enlightened, the Thirty Tyrants of Sparta were known for their oppressive and bloody rule. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The justification for ousting a tyrant was absent from the historians description but was central to the philosophers. Statue Group of Harmodius & AristogeitonMiguel Hermoso Cuesta (CC BY-SA) After the Persian war and having spent money for the Delian League, the individuals living in ancient Greece must have found themselves hoping for a better future. The 17th-century English philosopher John Locke wrote in his essay on civil government: "Tyranny is the exercise of power beyond right. Tyranny and Democracy in Ancient Greece: The History and Legacy of the Death to Tyrants! There are three main periods in the ancient Greek civilisation: The Archaic Period (c. 800 BC to 480 BC) The Classical Period (c. 480 BC to 323 BC) The Hellenistic Period (c. 323 BC to 146 BC) This map shows the location of the ancient . The historian Herodotus in his Histories wrote, "Although Athens had been a great city before, it became even greater once rid of its tyrants." Agriculture allowed greater concentrations of people which lead to more conflict. State of the art architecture. This is where the idea of tyrants as being evil and oppressive comes from. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Students should be encouraged to recognise the key differences between contemporary and ancient understandings of the terms 'tyranny' and 'tyrant'. Plebeian & Patricians | Struggle of the Orders, Mycenaean Civilization: Social Structure | Government of the Mycenaeans. It is particularly important to make them aware that an ancient Greek 'tyrant' was simply someone who had gained power unconstitutionally. By 133 bce the growth of the empire had changed Rome from a small city-state to a global power, and the conquest of Italy and the Mediterranean had created the conditions for individual generals to gain both enormous wealth through conquest and a huge following among their soldiers, paving the way for them to seek personal power through military force. Although he endorsed an extensive building program such as building an artificial harbor, he attacked both luxury and slave ownership. One of the earliest known uses of the word tyrant (in Greek) was by the poet Archilochus, who lived three centuries before Plato, in reference to king Gyges of Lydia. Sophocles writes that hubris begets a tyrant or tyranny begets hubris. Peisistratus was an absolute ruler, and seized power in Athens through trickery and force. Advertisement. The most-significant change in the conception of tyranny from the ancient world to the modern lies in the role of the people under a tyrant. Chin Shih-huang is the first emperor of China. arbitrary, unreasonable, or despotic behaviour or use of authority the teacher's tyranny. It wasn't something evil or bad, it was just a different way of running the government. A tyrant's son does not usually inherit his father's power. Historically speaking, when one refers to a tyrant in world history, they are considered a cruel and malicious ruler who wields absolute authority. Magistrates in some city-states were also called aesymnetai. Popular coups generally installed tyrants, who often became or remained popular rulers, at least in the early part of their reigns. It is an unethical and oppressing form of government where one person, or group of people, comes into control over an entire population. Democracy Cons: Cons: Only citizens got to vote. The general trend was that tyrants were aristocrats who seized control of a city-state in the name of security or general welfare. However, the historian added>, his rejection of tyranny did not mean that his handling of affairs was particularly gentle, or that he meekly deferred to influential people or enacted the kind of legislation he thought would please those who had elected him. The Pros And Cons Of Ancient Athenian Democracy 298 Words2 Pages Democracy, a form of government, allows the people in their own nationality to vote for people in order for them to become representatives as a result to vote on new laws that would affect their own nationality. 891 Words4 Pages. Such Sicilian tyrants as Gelo, Hiero I, Hiero II, Dionysius the Elder, Dionysius the Younger, and Agathocles of Syracuse maintained lavish courts and became patrons of culture. 23 chapters | Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. In the Enlightenment, thinkers applied the word tyranny to the system of governance that had developed around aristocracy and monarchy. The murder of Peisistratus son, the tyrant Hipparchus by Aristogeiton and Harmodios in Athens in 514 BC marked the beginning of the so-called cult of the tyrannicides (i.e., of killers of tyrants). His laws were deemed to be so strict that he was once accused of writing them in blood. There are many pros and cons to living in Greece vs the USA. Plutarch & Philip A. Stadter & Robin Waterfield. From that springs the idea of tyranny in its modern sense: a situation in which the power of the ruler outweighs that of the ruled. They were monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy. ". Although Cleisthenes initiated a number of far-reaching reforms, it would be another half-century before the Athenian constitution would become fully democratic. We covered briefly the accomplishments of Pisistratus, the tyrant of Athens in the mid sixth century. 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