ancient hindu architecture

background-size:100%; Rock-Cut Architecture. Hindu temples are of different shapes and sizes rectangular, octagonal, semicircular with different types of domes and gates. font-size:22px !important; max-width:1600px !important; World History Encyclopedia. } .home-subscribe input[type=submit] { The last phase dated to 1st 2nd century CE, featured an extensive structure which was divided into three blocks and enclosed two galleries. Egyptian Architecture, Egyptian architecture, the architecture of the ancient Egyptians, formulated prior to 3000 BC and lasting through the Ptolemaic period (323-30 . Kandariya Mahadeo temple at Khajuraho is the epitome of temple architecture in Central India. [47] This design was very influential in the development of later Hindu temples. .inner-calendar .dp_pec_event_description_more { The area of arena was 309 X 259 feet and 15 feet deep. display:none !important; body.page-id-44058, body.page-id-44058 p, body.page-id-44058 span, body.page-id-44058 strong { el.style.display = "block"; top: 0; Also the name for the chariot of the sun god Surya which sun temples represent via spoked wheels on the outer walls. Agra Fort used the same technique for fortification walls. } Brihadishvara Temple, ThanjavurAravindreddy.d (CC BY-SA). Books } opacity:0; console.log("Failure at Presize of Slider:" + e) height: 100%; Cartwright, M. (2015, September 04). Wheel, Konarak Sun TemplePrapti Panda (CC BY-NC-SA). Temples of South India (6th-18th Century CE) Kailashnath Temple. Mughal architecture is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent.It developed from the architectural styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India and from Iranian and Central Asian architectural traditions, particularly Timurid architecture. Ancient temples of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan share many traits. [61] He reported that Buddhism had drastically declined, and that most of the monasteries were deserted and left in ruins.[62]. A Visual Glossary of Hindu Architecture. Experts analyze the Vittala Temple's unique pillars, which, when struck, produce amazing soundscapes and scales and question why the temple was built this wa. Beginning with humble caves and squat flat-roofed temples, Hindu architecture, then, evolved over the centuries and, despite some regional variation, arrived at a standard arrangement which involved a huge walled complex with massive decorative gateways giving entrance to a sacred space of lesser shrines dominated by the main temple and its monumental series of towers. [19][20] Many believe it to be the site in which Buddha spent some time before his death,[21] and where the first Buddhist council was held after the Buddha died (paranirvana). The capital city of Pataliputra was an urban marvel described by the Greek ambassador Megasthenes. In contrast, Dravida towers (known separately as vimana) are more dome-like with cornices, and they are topped by another smaller dome. background-repeat: no-repeat; background:url(https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/21.png) no-repeat center center; e.gh = e.el===undefined || e.el==="" || (Array.isArray(e.el) && e.el.length==0)? Amonst the 70 stone pillars, one hangs from the ceiling. 0 : parseInt(e.tabhide); Indeed, seen from afar, and especially from above, many Hindu temples, with their multiple towers, appear very much like a mountain mass. position:relative !important; Hindu temples have some of the most exquisite carvings, architecture and styles intrinsic to India. /* color: #FFF; */ The 11th century CE Kandariya Mahadeva temple at Khajuraho and 12th century CE Rajarani temple at Bhubaneswar are outstanding examples of this effect. However, some temples are dedicated to several deities, and some have symbols instead of a murti.. newh; Balathal defense architecture, stone and mud brick residential structures of Ahar Banas,[10] defensive wall is characterised by mud based core having stone revetments with rectangular bastion dated c. 24001800 BCE, Sanghol and Rupar of Bara culture are some of the non Harappan chalcolithic urban developments that took place in India as well. background-size:100%; display:block; The ancient original Somanath Temple in Gujarat had the unique Shiva Linga suspended in air using magnetic alignment. [50], Archaeological excavation conducted by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) at Kausambi revealed a palace with its foundations going back to 8th century BCE until 2nd century CE; and built-in six phases. content: ' '; [16] Some temples of timber with wattle-and-daub may have preceded them, but none remain to this day.[41]. Later the ancient Hindu temples were social hubs with the flourishing of arts, dance, music and combat that were taught and passed down the generations. 03 Nov 2022. } height:50px; [17], Jetavana of Sravasti, Sanchi Stupa 1, Northern Gateway, Various types of individual housing of the time of the Buddha (c. 563/480 or c. 483/400 BCE), resembling huts with chaitya-decorated doors, are also described in the reliefs of Sanchi. Ardhamandapa - a temple portico serving as an entrance porch. if (el!==null && el) { #rev_slider_1_1_forcefullwidth { transform: rotateY(-180deg); The Lake palace surrounded by water of the Pichola lake on all sides_Taj Hotels The Neer Mahal, Tripura_Tripinvites Gopura - a monumental gate tower of Dravida temples. Hindu Architecture. Durga Temple, AiholeJean-Pierre Dalbera (CC BY). Ratha - a projection on the exterior wall of a Nagara temple; there are typically seven on each side. The state of Orissa has the main presiding diety as Lord Jagannath or Vishnu, and the Jagannath Temple is believed to have built by the king Anangabhimadeva. It was, therefore, a sacred place (tirtha) where heaven and earth meet and, as a god's home, it must be a suitably splendid palace (prasada). background-size:100%; The Katas Raj Temples near Chakwal in Punjab province of Pakistan Adisthana - the decorative raised platform on which a temple Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The great splendor in ancient Hindu architecture is demonstrated by the musical pillars present here. Vimana, Kailasanatha Temple, KanchipuramAndrea Kirkby (CC BY-NC-SA). Figure en toilette, KhajurahoAnindita Basu (CC BY-NC-SA). From the time of the Mahajanapadas (600 BCE320 BCE), walled and moated cities with large gates and multi-storied buildings which consistently used arched windows and doors and made intense use of wooden architecture, are important features of the architecture during this period. It consists of a flat roofed square sanctum with a portico and four pillars. @media screen and (max-width:700px) { Essential elements of Hindu architecture are precise and harmonious geometry when viewed from all four sides and above, the square form and grid ground plans, soaring towers, and elaborate decorate sculpture which includes gods, worshippers, erotic scenes, animals, and floral and geometric patterns. } */ Rock that is not part of the structure is removed until the only rock left makes up the architectural elements of the excavated interior. By this endpoint Buddhism in India had greatly declined, and Hinduism was predominant, and religious and secular building styles had taken on forms, with great regional variation, which they largely retain even after some forceful changes brought about by the arrival of first Islam, and then Europeans. 0 : parseInt(e.mh,0); Nataraja - a decorative dancing Shiva motif. The lap pool of Utsav House, built by the architect Bijoy Jain in 2008 in Alibag, a cluster of coastal villages just outside of Mumbai, India. Kailasanatha Temple, KanchipuramBalaji Shankar Venkatachari (CC BY-NC-SA). [68], The 19th-century archaeologist Alexander Cunningham, head of the Archaeological Survey of India, at first believed that due to the total absence of arches in Hindu temples they were alien to Indian architecture, but several pre-Islamic examples bear testimony to their existence, as explained by him in the following manner:[69], Archaeological evidences indicate that wedge-shaped bricks and construction of wells in the Indus valley civilization, and although no true arches have been discovered as of yet, these bricks would have been suitable in the construction of true arches. Ancient builders had a profound understanding of human. /* #herald-responsive-header, .herald-mobile-nav.herald-slide.hidden-lg.hidden-md, #header { } Thank you! width: 100%; Each state of India has a presidingdeitywho is mainly prevalent in almost all of the temples of that particular state. } Pandrethan Temple was built by Meru Vardhana (minister to King Partha, who ruled Kashmir from 921-931 AD) and is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Mandapa - a columned hallway which leads to the garbhagriha or inner sanctum. } e.tabw = e.tabw===undefined ? text-align: center; /* margin-bottom: 30px; */ } background: #f7f7f7; [7], The excavation at Banawali in present-day Haryana has also yielded an Apsidal plan which has been interpreted as a temple.[8]. margin-bottom: 30px; The sculptures, architecture, painting and the interconnected structures are mesmerizing. window.RSIH = window.RSIH===undefined ? background-size:100%; position: relative; A Hindu temple is a place of worship for followers of Hinduism. The palace had few rooms, each room was provided with three shelves and a central hall with steps leading to the tower. 10. [47], This truncated pyramid design also marked the evolution from the aniconic stupa dedicated to the cult of relics, to the iconic temple with multiple images of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas. No mortar was used in the older temples and so precise cutting of dressed stones was required. [16] The reliefs of Sanchi, dated to the 1st centuries BCECE, show cities such as Kushinagar or Rajagriha as splendid walled cities during the time of the Buddha (6th century BCE). } left: 0; Although the reliefs of Sanchi are dated to the 1st centuries BCECE, portraying scene taking place during the time of the Buddha, four centuries before, they are considered an important indication of building traditions in these early times. But, it is still classy and royal, which reflects how deep rooted and rich is the ancient Indian architecture. color:#444444; Principal Features of a Hindu Temple ComplexTangopaso (CC BY-NC-SA). newh = (e.gh[ix] * m) + (e.tabh + e.thumbh); } .team__person_active.team__person_1 .top-box:before, .team__person.team__person_1:hover .top-box:before { } transform: rotateY(-180deg); window.RSIW = window.RSIW===undefined ? /*transform: rotateY(180deg);*/ Antarala - an antechamber to the inner sanctum or garbhagriha of a temple. Vyala - (also yali) the decorative lion monster seen in many Hindu temples. .home-explore input { The walls of Nagara temples present a complex exterior of projections (known as ratha and ultimately there would be seven on each side) which create many recesses. [16] These artificial caves exhibit an amazing level of technical proficiency, the extremely hard granite rock being cut in geometrical fashion and polished to a mirror-like finish. e.thumbh = e.thumbh===undefined ? [5], Although the urban phase of Harappa has been dated back to 2600 BCE, excavation at Kalibangan from the early or proto-Harappan period already shows an urban development with fortification, grid layout of the city and drain system. The firs art work which belongs to Paleolithic culture of the Stone Age was found in India only. .home-subscribe input { .team__person_active.team__person_7 .top-box:before, .team__person.team__person_7:hover .top-box:before { During 500 and 757 CE, Badami Chalukya laid the foundation of cave-temple . The urbanization in the Gangetic plains began as early as 1200 BC with the emergence of fortified cities and appearance of Northern Black Polished Ware. [65], Galaganatha Temple at Pattadakal complex is an example of Badami Chalukya architecture. left: 0; margin-bottom:10px e.gw = Array.isArray(e.gw) ? } Cartwright, Mark. In Hindu belief the primordial world floated in a vast ocean, with a sacred mountain at its center consisting of five or six ascending levels or terraces. A prominent feature of Harappan architecture was also the first use anywhere in the world of English bond in building with bricks. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. ga('create', 'UA-46768894-1', 'auto'); cursor: pointer; World History Encyclopedia, 04 Sep 2015. "Hindu Architecture." For a more in depth study of Indian art before 1300, Susan Huntington's The Art of Ancient India (Weatherhill, 1985) is extremely thorough and detailed. position:relative; .inner-calendar .dp_pec_content .dp_pec_event_description.dp_pec_event_description_full .dp_pec_event_description_short p { [2][a][4] The Mahajanapada period was characterized by Indian coins and use of stone in the Indian architecture. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. left: 0; There are also a number of important sites where the floor-plan has survived to be excavated, but the upper parts of structures have vanished. Architecture evolved slightly differently in different regions, such as the distinct features of Orissa, Kashmir and Bengal temples, but two general types are identified as the Nagara (North) and Dravida (South) styles. Ancient Indian Architecture: Characteristics, Evolution & Examples Islamic Architecture | History, Design & Origin [45] It was an apsidal temple built of timber on top of a high rectangular stone platform, 26.52x14x3.35 metres, with two flights of stairs to the east and the west. The lasting testament to the grandeur of the Vijayanagara Empire- Hampi 4. The superstructure of the central and eastern block was examined to have formed part of a dome that adorned the building. #indianculture #ancientindia #ancienthistory #ancientarchitecture #temples #hindutemples #southindia #india #tourism. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. It was built by the Dravidian peoples and is mostly made up of pyramid-shaped temples called Kovils. margin-top:-24px; Stupas were soon to be richly decorated with sculptural reliefs, following the first attempts at Sanchi Stupa No.2 (125 BCE). World History Encyclopedia. Divine is never born and has many forms- Wondered how? /*height: 100%;*/ [54], The early evidence of Shikhara type domical crowing structure has been noted in the palatial architecture of Kausambi dated to 1st-2nd century CE. 0 : e.tabh; Relief of a circular temple, Bharhut, c. 100 BCE, Chaitya Cave plan and elevation, Tulja Lena, 50 BCE, Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva depicted in a coin from the 1st century BCE, Relief of a multi-storied temple, 2nd century CE, Ghantasala Stupa[43][44], Karttikeya Shrine with antelope in a coin of Yaudheya, Punjab region, 2nd century CE, Another early free-standing temple in India, this time apsidal in shape, appears to be Temple 40 at Sanchi, which is also dated to the 3rd century BCE. Westen Indian Temples. Prakara - a high wall which encloses a temple. Parsvanatha Temple, KhajurahoJean-Pierre Dalbera (CC BY). Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. Among India's ancient architectural remains, the most characteristic are the temples, Chaityas, Viharas, Stupas and other religious structures. Bhoga mandapa - (or Bogh-mandir) a hall in Orissan temples which is used for consecrated food preparation and distribution. One of the most visible difference between the ancient buildings and the modern ones is the use of materials. } From an architectural perspective, this is a tetrastyle prostyle temple of Classical appearance. display:none; Nandi Mandapa - a pavilion which contains a statue of Shiva's gatekeeper and vehicle, the bull Nandi. /* body.page-id-44058 img { The houses were usually provided with bathing platform which were connected to the public drain through in house drain. Archaeologically, this period corresponds in part to the Northern Black Polished Ware culture. enable_page_level_ads: true The architecture of Hindu templeshas evolved ever since resulting in a great variety of styles. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout, Merlot II, OER Commons and School Library Journal. Alasa kanya - a decorative female figure. Dauhshanti & Paanchajanyaa. There was a central hall in the central block and presumably used as an audience hall surrounded by rooms which served as a residential place for the ruler. The Hindu temple (mandir) is laid out according to the eight cardinal directions, and a god representing each one (dikpala) may sometimes be represented in sculpture on the temple's exterior. The architecture of India reflects both the cultural diversity e.thumbh = e.thumbhide>=pw ? [6], While in contemporary Bronze Age cultures outside India sun-dried mud bricks were the dominant building material, the Indus Valley civilization preferred to use fired "terracotta" brick instead. Influence of Islam and the Mughal Architecture } The palace had a vast network of underground chambers also called Suranga by Kautilya in his Arthashastra,[51] and the superstructure and the galleries were made on the principle of true arch. Hindu architecture evolved over the centuries from simple rock-cut cave shrines to massive and ornate temples which spread across the Indian sub-continent and beyond, forming a canonical style which is still adhered to today in modern Hindu temples across the globe. ga('send', 'pageview'); 9. Nagara - the style of northern temple architecture. Let's have a look at various specimen of rock-cut architecture in ancient India. left: 0; var m = pw>(e.gw[ix]+e.tabw+e.thumbw) ? The entire construction was done using burnt brick. /* background: #f7f7f7; */ World History Encyclopedia. Cartwright, Mark. Nalrajar Garh fortification wall ruins dating back to 5th-century CE. As far as written records report, "prehistory" dates back between 35,000 BCE and 3000 BCE in the Middle East (2000 BCE in Western Europe). Ancient Pillar Architecture. The favoured material of early Indian architecture appears to have been wood, but little has survived the rigours of the climate. The presence of these paintings has asserted India's importance for art . } Each era had a distinctive construction and cultural practice unique in its ideology and development. Sri Ranganathaswamy temple, the largest functional Hindu temple in the world spread over 156 acres is located in Srirangam, Tamilnadu.The temples is one of the foremost Vishnu temple in India and is a revered one for Vaishnavaites.The temple is known for its 21 stunning gopurams (entrance gates), 39 pavilions, 9 temple ponds, numerous halls and 49 shrines dedicated to Vishnu.The south facing rajagopuram (the main entrance gate) is the tallest temple tower in Asia at 73 metres. Early temples consisted of only a garbhagriha, but over time additions were built and copied across temple sites to create, by the 10th century CE, a canonical architectural style. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Photo about Ancient Indian Architecture. Regional styles include Architecture of Karnataka, Kalinga architecture, Dravidian architecture, Western Chalukya architecture, and Badami Chalukya Architecture. Abstract and Figures. However, the onslaught of the muslims and Islam led to the decadence of the mighty and glorious Hindu temple architecture, its rich ancient customs, art and sciences. Beginnings & Purpose transform: rotateY(-180deg); Indian Architecture BRILL Take a journey through Indian architecture from the dawn of civilization to the present with this colorful, attractive survey. } Principal Features of a Hindu Temple Complex, Monumental Gateway, Brihadishvara Temple, Thanjavur, Surviving Jagamohana of the Konark Sun Temple, Orissa, Balaji Shankar Venkatachari (CC BY-NC-SA). .team__person .box { e.tabw = e.tabhide>=pw ? So rather thn invading and . background:none !important Further, they could say prayers, look at the god's representation a specific act of piety known as darsan and leave offerings of food and flowers (puja). Related Content Excavation of Lal Kot beneath the Purana Qila revealed ruins which was constructed using similar method as in the post-Islamic and Mughal Periods. padding-top:7px; } Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/994/a-visual-glossary-of-hindu-architecture/. google_ad_client: "ca-pub-8969845384279098", background:none !important; evolution of Indian tem ple architecture is mark ed b y a strict adherence to the original ancient models that were derived from religious consideration- an d that continued over many centuries. background:url(https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/3.1.png) no-repeat center center; Web. width: 100%; height: 100%; width: 100%; cursor: pointer; [25] Other halls were then constructed, mostly long, oblong building as well, which remind of the construction of several of the Barabar caves. The Buildings of the New Delhi. display:none !important; Buddhist scripture attributes this very old monastic site to the time of the Buddha which has been backed by archaeology, founded by a banker named Ghosita. Devagiri fort, built by Yadava dynasty in the 12th century; according to Ibn Batutta, it was the most impregnable fort he had ever seen. .herald-boxed.home #header .hel-l { Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and University of Missouri. overflow:hidden; Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. e.tabh = e.tabhide>=pw ? "A Visual Glossary of Hindu Architecture." display:none; top: 0; Adi Kumbeswarar is the presiding deity of the temple and the shrine is located in the centre. historical place or structure of worship for ancient hindu civilization.. Photo about famous, india, ancient, outdoor, historic, history - 236356587 } background-size: 100%; background: #f7f7f7; Sign in Sign up for FREE Prices and download plans IndianSanskriti#amp-mobile-version-switcher{left:0;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:100}#amp-mobile-version-switcher>a{background-color:#444;border:0;color:#eaeaea;display:block;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:600;padding:15px 0;text-align:center;text-decoration:none}#amp-mobile-version-switcher>a:active,#amp-mobile-version-switcher>a:focus,#amp-mobile-version-switcher>a:hover{text-decoration:underline} With the appearance of towns in the middle Gangatic basin in the sixth century BCE, a second urbanization began in India. In Historical Roots" in, Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, pp. background:url(https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/19.png) no-repeat center center; [46], Illustration of Temple 40 at Sanchi, dated to the 3rd century BCE[45], Trivikrama Temple at Ter: an early Buddhist apsidal temple, in front of which was later added a Hindu square mandapa, Chejarla apsidal temple, also later converted to Hinduism, The Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya is one of the earliest examples of Truncated Pyramidal temples with niches containing Buddha images. The Kainga architecture is a style which flourished in the ancient Kalinga region. The Rudreshwar Swamy Temple in Telangana state is star shaped with 1000 pillars, but no pillar obstructs any person at any point of the temple in line to view the presiding diety. Even more impressive, above the garbhagriha a huge corbelled tower was constructed, the sikhara. Features of Hindu ArchitectureTangopaso (CC BY-SA). [58] Many fortified cities like Nalrajar Garh, Bhitagarh had risen in Northeastern India owing to trade activities with southeastern China. height: 100%; function setREVStartSize(e){ } (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), Amartyabag (CC BY-SA) Amalaka - a large fluted stone disc placed on top of a Nagara tower taking its form from the amla or myrobalan fruit native to India. top: 0; height: 100%; .elementor-icon-list-icon svg { /* body.page-id-44058 .herald-site-content.herald-slide { } Where there were no healing herbs for people and animals, he ordered that they be bought and planted. The state of Andhra Pradesh has Lord Vishnu as the main presiding diety in majority of its temples. content: ' '; Photo about Ancient Indian Architecture. 140174, Ashoka in Ancient India by Nayanjot Lahiri, Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, pp. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Some of the earliest temples were rock cut and are mentioned as cave temples. The sikhara tower in Nagara temples have a sloping curve as they rise, have decorative arches known as gavakshas, and are topped by an amalaka a large fluted stone disk and also a small pot and finial. left: 0; Wooden forms, however, affected work in other mediums and were sometimes quite literally copied, as, for example, in early cave temples of western India. During the early times, there was an ecological balance maintained amongst the human and natural environment. transform: rotateY(-180deg); width:500px; In terms of lifestyle, we never predicted the extent to which architecture and design could affect us as well as the society and culture we live in, nor did . .team__person_active.team__person_6 .top-box:before, .team__person.team__person_6:hover .top-box:before { display:none !important; This idea is captured in the expression "the king becomes not only exempt from punishment but also the lord of the law" [53], A palace architecture has also been uncovered at Nagarjunakonda. "[32] Indian art and culture has absorbed extraneous impacts by varying degrees and is much richer for this exposure. Image Credit: Early Caves Natural caves were the earliest caves used by local inhabitants. Although it is not mandatory for a Hindu to visit a Hindu temple regularly, they play a vital role in Hindu society and culture. else{ Amonst the 70 stone pillars, one hangs from the ceiling. . } for (var i in e.rl) if (e.gh[i]===undefined || e.gh[i]===0) e.gh[i] = e.gh[i-1]; transform-style: preserve-3d; .team__person_active .top-box, .team__person:hover .top-box { height: 150px; .home-subscribe input[type=submit] { Indian architecture has utilized mix of false and true arches in its architecture. 0 : e.rl[i]; The architecture of Ancient India can be traced as far back as 4,000 years to the Indus civilization. color: #000; The temples of the North are characterized by their earthquake resistant design such as the Kedarnath temple in Uttarakhand, the Pashupatinath Temple (now in Nepal), while the rulers in the south such as the Kakatiyas also used the foundations in materials such as to absorb shocks from all sides. width: 100%; These portals (ghana dvara) may also act as secondary niche shrines for the deity too. Rajarani Temple, BhubaneshwarLnm8910 (CC BY-SA). color: #FFF; Tanah Lot[SEE MAP] } Buildings were constructed which could house a sacred symbol of a particular god, which could be decorated with sculptural figures of them so recalling episodes from their mythological adventures, and which provided a space for worshippers to leave offerings and perform rituals such as bathing and dancing by professional female dancers (devadasi). 0 : e.thumbw; Sculptured railings: 115 BCE, toranas: 75 BCE. 0 : parseInt(e.thumbw); Ancient Indian Architecture. Kirtimukha - a decorative lion or monster motif with the lower jaw missing, typically placed over doorways. background:url(https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/9.png) no-repeat center center; Photo about historic, city, column, culture, background, asian - 236356419 The unmatched architecture contribute to the rich Hindu cultural heritage. Please support World History Encyclopedia. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. The sculptures of Apsaras, Devanganas, or Alasa Kanyas as they variously addressed. 1 : (pw-(e.tabw+e.thumbw)) / (e.gw[ix]); Indus Valley Civilization (3300 B.C - 1300 B.C) | Ancient Indian Architecture Indus valley civilization happens to be the earliest form of civilization found in the Indian subcontinent, with major prosperous cities like Harappa and Mohenjo Daro.

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