ptolemaic dynasty rulers

Three of his sons would go on to assume power as Ramesses IV, Ramesses VI and Ramesses VIII, respectively. Formal theory. [194] The Abbasids justified their rule by saying that their ancestor Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib was a cousin of Muhammad. [125], Mughal India had a large shipbuilding industry, which was also largely centred in the Bengal province. It may be considered a version of a volley gun. The family established dynastic, hereditary rule with Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Greater Syria, who became the sixth caliph after the end of the First Fitna in 661. His attempts to take control of the whole of Alexander's empire led to his defeat and death at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC. [54] Mu'awiya relied on the powerful Kalbite chief Ibn Bahdal and the Kindite nobleman Shurahbil ibn Simt alongside the Qurayshite commanders al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri and Abd al-Rahman, the son of the prominent general Khalid ibn al-Walid, to guarantee the loyalty of the key military components of Syria. He quickly attracted the enmity of many, both by executing a number of those who had opposed his accession and by persecuting the Qadariyya. Six days later, before the news reached Constantinople, Mahmud died. During the Sixth Dynasty (23452181 BCE), the power of pharaohs gradually weakened in favor of powerful nomarchs. It is one of the best preserved shrines in Egypt. His dynasty lasted until 1872, and his Kingdom lasted until 1893, when Queen Liliuokalani, of the Kalkaua dynasty, was deposed by the pro [33] In Medina, he relied extensively on the counsel of his Umayyad cousins, the brothers al-Harith and Marwan ibn al-Hakam. Within seven months however, he found his constitutional position intolerable, got rid of his irksome cabinet by means of a secretly organized military riot in Cairo, and reverted to his old autocratic methods of government. With the Ottoman Empire at the feet of Muhammad Ali, the European powers were greatly alarmed and issued the Convention of London of 1840, designed to end the war and deal with the likely contingency of Muhammad Ali's refusal. Hatshepsut (/ h t p s t /; also Hatchepsut; Egyptian: t-pswt "Foremost of Noble Ladies"; or Hatasu c. 15071458 BC) was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.She was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh, after Sobekneferu. It later was ravaged by other pharaohs, who took one part after another to use in their own pet projects. [13], The Gerzeh culture ("Naqada II"), named after the site of el-Gerzeh, was the next stage in cultural development, and it was during this time that the foundation for ancient Egypt was laid. It set out in her name with five ships, each measuring 70 feet (21 m) long, bearing several sails[dubious discuss] and accommodating 210 men that included sailors and 30 rowers. [32], The Mughal designation for their own dynasty was Gurkani (Persian: , romanized:Grkniyn, lit. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. The Ptolemaic Kingdom (/ t l m e. With the early dynasties, and for much of Egypt's history thereafter, the country came to be known as the Two Lands. Contemporaries referred to the empire founded by Babur as the Timurid Empire, which reflected the heritage of his dynasty, and this was the term preferred by the Mughals themselves.. Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. She reiterated Amun's support by having these proclamations by the god Amun carved on her monuments: Welcome my sweet daughter, my favorite, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, Hatshepsut. Argead dynasty: 332310 BC: Ptolemaic dynasties: 31030 BC: Roman and Byzantine Egypt: 30 BC641 AD: Sasanian Egypt: 619629: Medieval Egypt. Qadis did not constitute a single position, but made up a hierarchy. When Wahabis captured Mecca in 1802, the Ottoman sultan ordered Muhammad Ali of Egypt to start moving against Wahabbis to re-conquer Mecca and return the honour of the [34] The term gained currency during the 19th century, but remains disputed by Indologists. Because of concerns over the safety of the Suez Canal and massive British investments in Egypt the Europeans looked to intervene. [42] Aurangzeb is considered India's most controversial king,[60] with some historians arguing his religious conservatism and intolerance undermined the stability of Mughal society,[42] while other historians question this, noting that he built Hindu temples,[63] employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did, opposed bigotry against Hindus and Shia Muslims. He first sent an expedition westward (Feb. 1820) which conquered and annexed the Siwa oasis. They saw the goddess as akin to their hunter goddess, Artemis. Perdiccas appointed Ptolemy, one of Alexander's closest companions, to rule Egypt in the name of the joint kings. Late in his reign, the annual flooding of the Nile began to fail, further straining the resources of the government. Many Christian cities used some of the taxes to maintain their churches and run their own organizations. [21] The base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. Tusun returned to Egypt on hearing of the military revolt at Cairo, but died in 1816 at the early age of twenty. Jean-Nol Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. [21] All the while, she did so while feigning a lack of ambition and cunning, thus ensuring that she would not alienate potential supporters. Muhammad Ali was fully conscious that the empire which he had so laboriously built up might at any time have to be defended by force of arms against his master Sultan Mahmud II, whose whole policy had been directed to curbing the power of his too ambitious vassals, and who was under the influence of the personal enemies of the pasha of Egypt, notably of Hsrev Pasha, the Grand Vizier, who had never forgiven his humiliation in Egypt in 1803. The French hesitated, however, and the British alone tried to suppress the revolt. Amenemhat forcibly pacified internal unrest, curtailed the rights of the nomarchs, and is known to have launched at least one campaign into Nubia. Parthasarathi cites his estimates that grain wages for weaving and spinning in mid-18 century Bengal and South India was comparable to Britain. The battle took place between an Egyptian army, headed by Ahmed Urabi, and British forces headed by Sir Archibald Alison. Byzantine coinage was used until 658; Byzantine gold coins were still in use until the monetary reforms c.700. It is reported that Hatshepsut had these trees planted in the courts of her mortuary temple complex. [161] The Umayyad Syrian forces specialised in close order infantry warfare, and favoured using a kneeling spear wall formation in battle, probably as a result of their encounters with Roman armies. Terry J. Lawrence / iStock / Getty Images Plus. Mahommed Bey, the defterdar, with another force of about the same strength, was then sent by Muhammad Ali against Kordofan with like result, but not without a hard-fought engagement. [126], Indian shipbuilding, particularly in Bengal, was advanced compared to European shipbuilding at the time, with Indians selling ships to European firms. Further lamentation texts allude to this fact, and by the beginning of the Middle Kingdom mummies are found decorated with magical spells that were once exclusive to the pyramid of the kings of the Sixth Dynasty. Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government, e.g., St. John of Damascus. He established himself in Kabul and then pushed steadily southward into India from Afghanistan through the Khyber Pass. His name is known primarily from the famous Narmer Palette, whose scenes have been interpreted as the act of uniting Upper and Lower Egypt. The deliberate erasures or mutilations of the numerous public celebrations of her accomplishments, but not the rarely seen ones, would be all that was necessary to obscure Hatshepsut's accomplishments. Babur had employed Ottoman expert Ustad Ali Quli, who showed Babur the standard Ottoman formationartillery and firearm-equipped infantry protected by wagons in the centre and the mounted archers on both wings. Acknowledging the sovereignty of the Ottoman Sultan, and at the commands of the Ottoman Porte, in 1811 Muhammad Ali dispatched an army of 20,000 men (and 2,000 horses) under the command of his son Tusun, a youth of sixteen, against the Saudis in the OttomanSaudi War. Afterward, the Arabs withdrew in return for a tributary agreement. In 1873 a further firman placed the khedive in many respects in the position of an independent sovereign. [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[21] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. The Achaemenid empire had ended, and for a while Egypt was a satrapy in Alexander's empire. However, late in his reign, he ordered her name hacked out from her monuments. k /; Ancient Greek: , Ptolemaioi), sometimes referred to as the Lagid dynasty (, Lagidae; after Ptolemy I's father, Lagus), was a Macedonian Greek royal dynasty which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Ancient Egypt during the Hellenistic period.Their rule lasted for 275 years, from 305 to 30 BC. This was larger than the entire urban population in Europe at the time, and even a century later in 1700, the urban population of England, Scotland and Wales did not exceed 13% of its total population,[136] while British India had an urban population that was under 13% of its total population in 1800 and 9% in 1881, a decline from the earlier Mughal era. [139], Under Akbar's reign in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, 15% of the empire's total population. Typically, Egyptologists divide the history of pharaonic civilization using a schedule laid out first by Manetho's Aegyptiaca, which was written during the Ptolemaic Kingdom in the third century BC. [127], The Bengal Subah province was especially prosperous from the time of its takeover by the Mughals in 1590 until the British East India Company seized control in 1757. Musa's Berber mawla, Tariq ibn Ziyad, invaded the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) in 711 and within five years most of Hispania was conquered. The Qays regrouped in the Euphrates river fortress of Circesium under Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi and moved to avenge their losses. The Idrisid dynasty or Idrisids (Arabic: al-Adrisah) were an Arab Muslim dynasty from 788 to 974, ruling most of present-day Morocco and parts of present-day western Algeria. [178], While there appears to have been little concern for theoretical astronomy, Mughal astronomers made advances in observational astronomy and produced nearly a hundred Zij treatises. [citation needed], Hatshepsut assumed all the regalia and symbols of the Pharaonic office in official representations: the Khat head cloth, topped with the uraeus, the traditional false beard, and shendyt kilt. [124][125][126] In 695698 the commander Hassan ibn al-Nu'man al-Ghassani restored Umayyad control over Ifriqiya after defeating the Byzantines and Berbers there. The people in Upper Egypt are running away by wholesale, utterly unable to pay the new taxes and do the work exacted. Abbas put an end to the system of commercial monopolies, and during his reign the railway from Alexandria to Cairo was begun at the instigation of the British government. The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars. [citation needed]. The British then transported a large force of Ismailia where 13,000 of them engaged 16,000 Egyptians. Kamehameha I established the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1795 after conquering most of the Hawaiian Islands.In 1810, Kaumualii became a vassal of Kamehameha I, who therefore emerged as the sole sovereign of the island chain of Hawaii. [169] Donner adds "Zoroastrians continued to exist in large numbers in northern and western Iran and elsewhere for centuries after the rise of Islam, and indeed, much of the canon of Zoroastrian religious texts was elaborated and written down during the Islamic period. Another result was the international control of the railways and the port of Alexandria, to balance these items. His death, certainly well past that of his intended heirs, might have created succession struggles and the country slipped into civil wars mere decades after the close of Pepi II's reign. Her cartouches and images were chiseled off some stone walls, leaving very obvious Hatshepsut-shaped gaps in the artwork. One of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the lost-wax cast, hollow, seamless, celestial globe. Ramesses II was famed for the huge number of children he sired by his various wives and concubines; the tomb he built for his sons (many of whom he outlived) in the Valley of the Kings has proven to be the largest funerary complex in Egypt. [176] Muawiyah even restored Edessa's cathedral after it had been toppled by an earthquake. He was welcomed by the Egyptians as a deliverer. During the Umayyad period, mass conversions brought Persians, Berbers, Copts, and Aramaic to Islam. This included a thorough revamping of the customs system which was anarchic, and remodeled on British lines and by English officials. In November 1876, the mission of Mr (afterwards Lord) Goschen and M. Joubert on behalf of the British and French bondholders, one result being the establishment of Dual Control, in which an English official would superintend the revenues and a French official would superintend the expenditures of the country. [11] In Egypt in the 19th century the overall pattern of the population growth was explicitly non-Malthusian and can be characterized as hyperbolic, whereby the increase in population was accompanied not by decreases of the relative population growth rates, but by their increases. Arguably Ancient Egypt's power as a nation-state peaked during the reign of Ramesses II ("the Great") of the Nineteenth Dynasty. Hatshepsut also refurbished her father's burial and prepared for a double interment of both Thutmose I and her within KV20. [119] Noting al-Walid's awareness of architecture's propaganda value, historian Robert Hillenbrand calls the Damascus mosque a "victory monument" intended as a "visible statement of Muslim supremacy and permanence". The later Emirate of Cordoba (an offshoot of the Umayyad dynasty in exile) established many endearing architectural projects in the Iberian Peninsula such as the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba and Medina Azahara, which influenced the architectural styles during the Middle Ages. War elephants were essentially the tanks of the era, a strategy learned from India and used by all sides. The 2006 discovery of a foundation deposit including nine golden cartouches bearing the names of both Hatshepsut and Thutmose III in Karnak may shed additional light on the eventual attempt by Thutmose III and his son Amenhotep II to erase Hatshepsut from the historical record and the correct nature of their relationships and her role as pharaoh.[57]. The "Hatshepsut Problem" was a major issue in late 19th-century and early 20th-century Egyptology, centering on confusion and disagreement on the order of succession of early 18th Dynasty pharaohs. [162][163], The Byzantine and Sassanid Empires relied on money economies before the Muslim conquest, and that system remained in effect during the Umayyad period. [citation needed] Hatshepsut is not unique, however, in taking the title of king. Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. Through the Government of India Act 1858 the British Crown assumed direct control of East India Company-held territories in India in the form of the new British Raj. The establishment of the Mixed Tribunals in 1876, in place of the system of consular jurisdiction in civil actions, made some of the courts of justice international. [111] The Mughal government funded the building of irrigation systems across the empire, which produced much higher crop yields and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production. [86], The Indian economy was large and prosperous under the Mughal Empire. That is why I say the cotton boll is the most beautiful flower. This assessment of the situation probably is too simplistic, however. From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). When in 198 Palestine was conquered by King Antiochus III (reigned 223187 bce) of the Syrian Seleucid dynasty, the Jews were treated even more liberally, being granted a Amenemhat III (18601815 BC) is considered the last great pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom. The literary works Akbar and Jahangir ordered to be illustrated ranged from epics like the Razmnama (a Persian translation of the Hindu epic, the Mahabharata) to historical memoirs or biographies of the dynasty such as the Baburnama and Akbarnama, and Tuzk-e-Jahangiri. The son of a prominent Byzantine official of Damascus, he was a favourite of the early Umayyad caliphs Mu'awiya I and Yazid I, and served as the head of the fiscal administration for Syria from the mid-7th century until the year 700, when Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan dismissed him as part of his efforts to Arabicize the administration of the Caliphate. Hatshepsut had begun constructing a tomb when she was the Great Royal Wife of Thutmose II. Djeser-Djeseru is built into a cliff face that rises sharply above it. Ptolemaic queens regnant, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. [2] While steam power had been experimented with in Ottoman Egypt by engineer Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf in 1551, when he invented a steam jack driven by a rudimentary steam turbine,[3] it was under Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century that steam engines were introduced to Egyptian industrial manufacturing. The Middle Kingdom is the period in the history of ancient Egypt stretching from the 39th regnal year of Mentuhotep II of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Thirteenth Dynasty, roughly between 2030 and 1650 BC. After a crushing defeat in the war of 18571858 which he nominally led, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British East India Company and exiled in 1858. After killing off most of the Umayyads and destroying the graves of the Umayyad rulers apart from Muawiyah and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, the history books were written during the later Abbasid period are more anti-Umayyad. His attempts to take control of the whole of Alexander's empire led to his defeat and death at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC. Compared to Britain, the price of grain was about one-half in South India and one-third in Bengal, in terms of silver coinage. However, this period is better attested at Nagada, and so is also referred to as the "Naqada I" culture. Traces of these early people appear in the form of artefacts and rock carvings along the terraces of the Nile and in the oases. The 25th dynasty was a line of pharaohs who originated in Vol. A period of anarchy at the end of Twosret's short reign saw a native reaction to foreign control leading to the execution of Bay and the enthronement of Setnakhte, establishing the Twentieth Dynasty. After the expansion of the Islamic State, Umar al-Faruq had to separate the judiciary from the general administration and appointed the first qadi in Egypt as early as AD 643/23 AH. It was in this era that formerly independent states became nomes (districts) ruled solely by the pharaoh. His immediate successors continued the military campaigns, though an increasingly troubled court complicated matters. Passing in review all the departments of the administration, he laid down the general lines on which the country was to be restored to order and prosperity, and endowed, if possible, with the elements of self-government for future use. Various restrictions were laid upon Muhammad Ali, emphasizing his position as vassal. Mirza is a civil title, and Khan is a military one. They sought support for a "member of the family" of Muhammad, without making explicit mention of the Abbasids. [30] Under Mu'awiya's stewardship, Syria remained domestically peaceful, organized and well-defended from its former Byzantine rulers. This was a time of great wealth and power for Egypt. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abul Abbas as-Saffah was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa. A map showing the boundaries of Egypt accompanied the firman granting Muhammad Ali the pashalik, a duplicate copy being retained by the Porte. [2] While there was a lack of coal deposits in Egypt, prospectors searched for coal deposits there, and manufactured boilers which were installed in Egyptian industries such as ironworks, textile manufacturing, paper mills and hulling mills. The Temple of Edfu is an Egyptian temple located on the west bank of the Nile in Edfu, Upper Egypt.The city was known in the Hellenistic period in Koin Greek: and in Latin as Apollonopolis Magna, after the chief god Horus, who was identified as Apollo under the interpretatio graeca. The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar. Al-Tabri was a huge collection, preserving everything the compiler could find for future generations to codify and to judge whether the histories were true or false. [1], Archaeological evidence has attested that population settlements occurred in Nubia as early as the Late Pleistocene era and from the 5th millennium BC onwards, whereas there is "no or scanty evidence" of human presence in the Egyptian Nile Valley during these periods, which may be due to problems in site preservation.[2]. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks, and opium; Bengal accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, for example, including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks. After the fall of the Old Kingdom came a roughly 200-year stretch of time known as the First Intermediate Period, which is generally thought to include a relatively obscure set of pharaohs running from the end of the Sixth to the Tenth and most of the Eleventh Dynasties. Another short lived dynasty might have done the same in central Egypt, profiting from the power vacuum created by the fall of the Thirteenth Dynasty and forming the Abydos Dynasty. Yazid is best known for his "iconoclastic edict", which ordered the destruction of Christian images within the territory of the Caliphate. Meantime the uttermost farthing was wrung from the wretched fellahin, while they were forced to the building of magnificent public works by unpaid labor. Ptolemy 'the Son' Reconsidered: Are There Too Many Ptolemies? Christians, who still constituted a majority of the caliphate's population, and Jews were allowed to practice their own religion but had to pay a head tax (the jizya) from which Muslims were exempt. One result of that inquiry was the extension of international control to the enormous property of the khedive himself. [91] The growth of manufacturing industries in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era in the 17th18th centuries has been referred to as a form of proto-industrialization, similar to 18th-century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. [27] There was more conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite,[28] resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture, especially during the reign of Shah Jahan. The empty string is the special case where the sequence has length zero, so there are no symbols in the string. [28] Something in the air prevented much sunlight from reaching the ground and also arrested global tree growth for almost two full decades until 1140 BC. The extant artifacts of the statuary provide archaeological evidence of Hatshepsut's portrayals of herself as a male pharaoh, with physically masculine traits and traditionally male Ancient Egyptian garb, such as a false beard and ram's horns.

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