benefits of gene therapy essay

I believe that this distinction should be made due to the technologys current issues and the ethics pertaining to gene modification. (ii) Ethics in Gene Therapy According to Blau and Springer (1995), gene therapy is a newly rising approach at the end of the 20th century and aims to open new door for the treatment of various human diseases based on transfer of genetic materials to cells. 19 Pages. PMID: 12529458 DOI: 10. . 1370 Words6 Pages. Several cases in this study allowed men and women to overcome a range of retinal diseases and avoid blindness and this is all due to the amazing effects of gene therapy (McClements, 2013). The use of stem cells derived from aborted fetuses has caused much controversy in modern society because of ethical reasons, based on uncertainty and personal rights. There is two kinds of gene therapy-- somatic, the editing of body cells, and germline therapy, the editing of sex cells-- but somatic therapy is the only type currently practiced. If you remove a faulty gene from a parent, they won't transfer this gene to their kids. Inserting genes into cancer cells to make them more sensitive to chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other treatments. The benefits of gene therapy outweigh the problems associated with gene therapy. Every living thing is the product of the genes that were passed down from ancestors. This type of therapy allows for the correction of disease-causing gene variants that are certain to be passed down from generation to generation" ("Is germline gene therapy ethical," 2015). Roughly 10% of all Americans are affected by a rare disease or condition on any given day. Gene therapy is a type of treatment being developed to fight diseases that are caused by genetic defects. Since then, researchers have studied the mechanisms and developed improved techniques that are less likely to cause dangerous immune reactions or cancer. It is carried out by introducing DNA containing the functional gene into a patient, to correct a disease-causing mutation. One must also consider the ethical questions that arise. Ensuring equality of care may become inseparable from ensuring equality of opportunity, Every living thing is the product of the genes that were passed down from ancestors. Genetic therapy works to replace the defective genes with new ones. Ethics are important and should be looked at in the case of gene therapy (Van Steendam, 2005). Controlling Gene Therapy. Some scientists speculate that the gene therapy itself could cause damage to . Genetic engineering aims to modify the genes to enhance the capabilities of the organism beyond what is normal. The medical condition is a process of inserting genes into cells and tissues of a person for purposes of treating a disease that is believed to be inherited. The potential of gene therapy offers great hope for cure and alleviation of suffering from genetic disorders that now plague numerous people. These anxieties are causing people to lash out at genetic research, and ultimately the human genome project. Retrieved from http://uncnews.unc.edu/content/view/285/138/. In non-integrating gene therapy, a piece of DNA with a correct copy of CFTR is provided to an individual's cells, but the DNA remains separate from the genome. (What is the Catholic view on genetic engineering? The uses of gene therapy can open doors to many new cures for genetic diseases. Not all of the stem cell treatments are safe or effective, just like any other treatments that can be provided by a medical physician. One gets their traits from their parents. It is the best therapeutic technique for the treatment of a lot of genetic and non-genetic disorder. Gene therapy 1. Gene therapy is a technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. Paper must be at least 1250 words. If people are to have diseases, scientists can find alternatives methods to cure them because injecting part of another humans DNA sequencing is not right. Genetic therapy for medicinal use is necessary because it will prove vital in saving lives of those stricken with a genetic disorder. Gene therapy can pose great risks such as short-lasting effects, generational effects, and worst case; deaths. The gene therapy is called AAV or adeno-associated virus, which is a therapeutic approach to alter the expression of a specific protein, thereby reducing the symptom experienced by patients, and that, will have a clinically meaningful impact on, choose gene therapy for this assignment. Kenneth Gonzalez Hi, I need help with essay on Ethics of Gene Therapy. It poses the possibility to eliminate human suffering, human integrity when the offspring is affected by the technology. . Risks and benefits of gene therapy N Engl J Med. Gene therapy was initially concocted in 1972, but has had limited success in treating human diseases. ( Victoria State Government, 2011) It is designed to introduce genetic material into cells to compensate for abnormal genes or to create a beneficial protein within the. RELATIVELY BRIEF HISTORY. 2. Good Essays. You may use it as a guide or sample for writing your own paper, but remember to cite it correctly. Even though it is only still being tested it can be, Based on gene editings current technology, I believe that it should not be a general medical practice; however, as the technology advances, professionals should be allowed to modify human genes but only restrict this to somatic cells. Though gene therapy is still in early stages of development, many researchers have concluded that gene therapy in therapeutic cancer treatment seems to be very effective and efficient. A recent technological advancement, human, This technology can target specific diseases on genes such as Alzheimers, Parkinsons, polio, cystic fibrosis and the list can go on forever (Hackett, 2013). It also may be used to replace a faulty gene with a working version or introduce a new gene to cure a condition or modify its effects. To illustrate, Benefits And Ethics Of Human Gene Therapy, The Benefits and Ethics of Human Gene Therapy With the advancement of technology, many things are at the fingertips of the world and especially scientists. Learn More. . The three types of cloning consist of reproductive, gene, and therapeutic cloning (Cloning). Why is health care reform so difficult to achieve? According to U.S National Library of Medicine (2018), gene therapy is a therapy in which . Gene therapy techniques will introduce copies of a "healthy" gene into cells of the body. Introduction It can be performed ex vivo (out of the living) or in vivo (within the living). (October 27, 2007). In the future, genetic therapies may be used to prevent, treat, or cure certain inherited disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, hemophilia, beta thalassemia, and sickle cell disease. Since its inception, gene therapy has captured the attention of the public and ethics disciplines as a therapeutic application of human genetic engineering. However, some people inherit mutated genes or faulty genes. 12/ 05/ 2014.) It uses a vector, usually a virus, to send a gene to where it's needed in . Introduction A popular method used to implement new genes is the adenovirus. The results of this study for clinical use were not successful. 4. Now, genetic enhancement is a prevalent today and people are beginning to realize the issues that can arise from creating these designer babies. Editing of the human genome in the past has been only a sight seen in dystopia works such as Brave New World. Could this cause me to be rejected from a job opportunity? All advancements in science have led to positive and Gene Therapy is both a medical procedure and a condition that cures and treats diseases and gene related disorders. The biology of human gene therapy is very complex, and there are many techniques that still need to be developed and diseases that need to be understood more fully before gene therapy can be used appropriately. In gene therapy, a normal gene is inserted into the genome to replace an abnormal gene responsible for causing a certain disease. The Ethics Of Gene Therapy. Children that are affected by SCID have the ability to become seriously ill from viruses present in some vaccines. It could be a cure for almost any abnormality as well. Genetic disorders are caused by genes that are not functioning effectively, and may eventually lead to disease. Without the continuance of using stem cells for research, we may not find cures for ailments that have been plaguing human kind for ages. When a normal gene is inserted into the nucleus of a mutant cell, the gene most likely will integrate into a chromosomal site different from the defective allele; although that may repair the mutation, a new mutation may . Therefore, with the help of gene therapy, human beings can benefit and even prolong their existence by preventing fatal diseases in future generations of families. It was a hard fought success. Theres always going to be someone to find problems with this type of research but the fact of the matter is that these benefits cannot be ignored. Later split gene was discovered through the use of recombinant DNA technologies in 1977. The goals of the project are to identify all the genes in the human genome (estimated to be 80,000 - 100,000 total) and develop the complete human DNA sequence. From 1990-2003 the Department of Energy coordinated a project called the Human Genome Project, in which it asked, "Why screen for individuals at increased risk for genetic diseases, Genetic engineering has constantly been a major point of focus in the world of science over several years. For starters, gene therapy could cure diseases like cancer, aids, as well as thousands of genetic disorders (Will). It displays great potential in getting athletes back into physical activity faster, whilst regenerating injury to complete fitness. In addition, because gene therapy involves making changes to the body's genetic setup, it raises many unique ethical concerns. Gene therapy can be used to heal severe sport injuries, which may force athletes into eliminating sports. The rDNA molecules were first duplicated and grown in bacteria in 1973. DNA is the genetic material in our cells that serves as the . Show More. Stem cells could very important for medical research., It was interesting that there is precancerous cells which does not spread around the body tissues but may become invasive. Zoology 2. Sara Goering, a philosopher concerned with biomedical ethics, argues throughout Gene Therapies and the Pursuit of a Better Human that germline therapy could mean disorders would be eliminated for good, leading to the relief of pain for many. 8. Under direction of Dr. Konstan at University of Cleveland, a research team successfully administered, on gene therapy since the 1970's, this biotechnological form of medicine is the attempt to medically modify cells to help eliminate or prevent diseases by correcting defective genes. It is not ethical to change someone on the inside in order to prevent something, even a disease. Of the various challenges involved in the process, one of the most significant is the difficulty in releasing the gene into the stem cell. People in favor of gene therapy posit that gene therapy is a great way to replace abnormal protein the body. First, it involves the issue of normality and the extent to which people with genetic disorders should be thought of as abnormal and to be cured. Human gene therapy is a procedure that is being used in an attempt to treat genetic and other diseases. Show More. Gene therapy is a type of treatment that is currently being show more content In 2014 the book Molecular Therapy: The Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy published a section particularly in gene therapy being used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. Although this topic remains of great debate it is essential that scientist come forward with these discoveries to help save peoples lives. Risks and benefits of gene therapy. Gene editing can be helpful to eradicate life . Imagine the possibilities of having your DNA tested for heritable diseases and being able to eliminate such diseases from your future. These diseases include cystic fibrosis, combined immunodeficiency syndromes, The Ethics of Gene Therapy: Balancing the Risks I think the science of gene therapy will continue to advance in years to come. In this method, a healthy gene in a vector is inserted into a malformed cell and allows the healthy gene to compensate, is performing breakthrough in medicinal science is gene therapy. Risks and benefits of gene therapy. For others, it is an abomination: a method of circumventing what nature gave you, and wholly unnatural. Argumentative Essay On Gene Therapy. Many people will disagree with this but at some point technology must be checked. Resulting from a variety of disorders and injuries. There are many aspects of genetic engineering and to thoroughly understand it looking into each is absolutely necessary. One of the first clinical trial patients for this new medical discovery was Mr. Robert Calhoun. Gene therapy promises to do all this and more. Good Essays. In order to understand genetic engineering, the key terms in this controversy that must be defined are the following: recombinant DNA technology, cloning, gene therapy, and the humane genome, Scientists have projected there to be many benefits to gene therapy in the near future. 808 certified writers online. There have been many attempts throughout the years of trying to produce a cloning until finally in 1979 the first reproductive animal clone was developed a sheep named polly who was the clone of her surrogate mother dolly the sheep. However, cell therapy requires painstaking research, and many difficulties are present, mainly the struggle in identifying stem cells once in the body, the, Some stem cell treatments have been used for grafting skin and corneal injuries.The stem cells that were placed beneath the tissue help with the healing process. What if there was a way to cure cancer, change skin color, or increase athleticism. Has gene therapy really become the new trend that has frightened the world of sports? A gene cannot simply be integrated into cells, it must have a vector, or a carrier which in this case is the adenovirus which helps integrate the gene into the DNA of the targeted cells (NLM, 2015). Glover, J. While gene therapy may pose practical medical benefits for people, ethical considerations must be addressed in order for society to utilize the potentials of gene therapy appropriately. Instead of using a drug or surgery to cure or treat someone they are using gene therapy as a way to insert a gene into the patients cells. This is due to the following reasons (6): 1) The genetics of CF are simple as it is a single gene disorder. Gene therapy can either be performed by the direct transfer of genes or by . There are certain diseases that the doctors do not know what it is or the treatment for it, doctors turn to genetic to find the cause and cure for it and save the patients life. Though the ability to change the genetics of a human to cure diseases has a great amount of value to the scientific community it has met some opposition in terms of ethics. In integrating gene therapy, a piece of DNA that contains a correct version of the CFTR gene would be delivered to an individual's cells. [Cover: discussion about how risks are balanced during risk assessment, why this is a difficult task -> proposing a set of principles and practical measures that might assist both researchers and patients, to enable more informed decisions about risk] According to Blau and Springer (1995), gene therapy is a newly rising approach at the end of the 20th century and aims to open new door for the treatment of various human diseases based on transfer of genetic materials to cells. The Human Genome Project (HGP) is a project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Institute of Health (NIH). Genetic therapies that are currently approved by the . Overall stem cell research is somewhat new in the scientific/medical field, but that does not mean it isnt making big strides., Stem cells can be used to treat diseases by replacing damaged cells with healthy, unspecialized ones. Please, no plagiarized work! It can make beneficial protein that can be lost because of the condition and be replaced. Viruses have the natural ability to deliver genetic material to cells, which makes them excellent vectors for gene delivery (Waehler, Russell, & Curiel, 2007). It is the process of taking DNA from one organism and inserting it to another. This means if a person is born with a disease, they will most likely die and this is where the disagreement comes. I would like to introduce this article to classmates because this article might be helpful to give some idea that how our current cancer research is improved and know about precancerous and cancer cell research. This replacement of genes is an adolescent and risky procedure and is often used as a last-resort treatment (Hoyle, 2012). The authors argue that gene and cell therapies are promising procedures for managing developed and genetic illnesses. Gene therapy is a highly controversial topic that entails numerous ethical issues that need to be thoroughly analyzed before it is widely available to the public. However, some people inherit mutated genes or faulty genes. The fear of genetic discrimination is a phobia gripping many people around the world. Although gene therapy has a potential for treating several ailments and improving life, this is a relatively new technique and involve several safety concerns thus it should be . 1. Second, the costs of the research are very high to the extent that the benefits of the research are likely to be rationed to the very . The Cons of Gene Therapy. Gene Therapy Essay. Evolution is the process of genetic change over time, as some of these, What is gene therapy? This knowledge can be applied to know whether the medication applying is effective to the person and help to prevent its adverse drug reaction. Such as Parkinson disease, Heart disease and Diabetes. Though some people believe it is unethical or immoral to alter genes, current therapeutics have not been able to save the lives of the patients with these diseases. Stem cells come from embryos, fetuses, or adults that retain the capacity to develop into specialized cells and regenerate themselves; Scientists could manipulate and study stem cells in hope of using them to cure diseases. Journal of Medical Ethics, 1993: 4: 33-36. http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/09/bill-clinton-on-health-care-1993/ The relief from negative test result could eliminate any need for regular checkups especially for people with cancer history in their family. In other circumstances, parents use it to manipulate a blueprint for the physical features of their child, ensuring that they have blue eyes or blonde hair. Gene therapy also involves the addition of healthy and functional copy of the faulty gene into the target cells of the body. Gene therapy is the replacement of defective genes to enable the production of normally functioning genes. Human Gene Therapy What is human gene therapy? It specifically targets cells in the body which are not passed on to the person . Gene therapy seeks to alter genes to correct genetic defects and thus prevent or cure genetic diseases. However, if the creationist perspective is held from a Christian stand point, God determines who lives and dies not science. Genetic Therapy: The Benefits Of Gene Therapy. To solve the problem, gene therapy uses a vector, this is usually a virus, which delivers the message to rebuild the protein molecules and ribonucleic acid. Therapeutic, reproductive, and animal cloning should be implemented more in the United States of America; because it will, Gene therapy was first proposed as a method of manipulating cells at the molecular level through the transfer of defined genetic material into a genome for the ultimate purpose of preventing or altering rare genetic disease states. Benefits. In the ex vivo method, the target cells are removed from the patient, genetically modified, and reintroduced into the patient's body. Ethics and gene therapy 2003 Jan 16;348(3):193-4. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp020184. One of the things that gene therapy can cure is cancer, at least some of them. Genetic diseases can be either inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis as well as acquired diseases such as cancer ("What is Gene Therapy?"). The best way to control gene therapy is to use legal efforts and understanding morals. It is a technique which correcting defective gene that is responsible for disease development (cited Safdar, 2010). Somatic therapy aims to alter genetic material. Gene therapy promises much potential in the medical field ranging from relieving the pill burden to modifying phenotypes in cosmetology. 557 Words; 3 Pages; Open Document. Within gene therapy there are two other main occurring factors such as somatic. The vaccines, chickenpox, measles, rotavirus, contain viruses and bacteria that are weakened to not harm children with healthy immune systems. Gene therapy is a highly controversial topic that entails numerous ethical issues that need to be thoroughly analyzed before it is widely available to the public. Since there are great risks to each case there are many ethical questions in line with the use of gene therapy. Gene therapy has a promising potential to improve the lives of those who have diseases that have until now been death sentenced, but to take it into real practice human beings still have a long way to go. Mutation, which we hold accountable for the creation of genetic diseases, is coincidentally the underlying mechanism of evolution. Gene therapy is now considered a new therapeutic area of study in modern medicine. Over the years, gene therapy has been growing rapidly. With new technology, new moral questions and ethical dilemmas are asked and new conundrums are found. Gene therapy changes a persons DNA, the quintessence of who they are. The Catholic Church scientists and the society must find bridges of communication and understanding, Often, the government agencies that monitor the trials only grant gene therapy to diseases that affect more than one percent of the population with treatments that are ineffective or costly (Panno, 2005)., Gene therapy is a growing medical technology specifically relating to the insertion of genes into human cells and tissue to treat diseases, mainly focusing on hereditary diseases in which mutant genes are replaced with ones of which are functional and healthy. Autosomal means that the gene for CF is not carried on the sex chromosomes and males and females are both afflicted by this disease. They also may be used to treat cancers or infections, including HIV. Smith, Karl. - Mary Meets Dolly. No development in the field of biotechnology has inspired both greater fear and hope in human society than gene therapy. This disadvantage means that we might be able to treat today's disorders effectively, but the next generation might be unable to experience the same benefit. Once testing has been completed and data interpreted, someone will know if they are a carrier for a, Essay on Fear in Journey's End by RC Sheriff, The Gendered Division of Labour Within the Domestic Sphere Essay example. through education, to promote the benefits of genetic engineering. The HGP began in 1990 and was scheduled to be completed in 2005. Copyright 2000-2022. There are many diseases that come from dysfunctional or defective genes. [Cover: discussion about how risks are balanced during risk assessment, why this is a difficult task -> proposing a set of principles and practical measures that might assist both researchers and patients, to enable more informed decisions about risk] Along with this new technique come many risks and dangers that question the ethics involved in doing this. From medicine, to agriculture, to construction and even computing, we are within reach of an age when manipulating the genetic codes of various organisms, they needed gene therapy after receiving a grim diagnosis. Free essays. The main focus of this company is based on developing life changing treatments for patients suffering from various types of disease associated with central nervous system or CNS. allowing fear and ignorance to derail one of the most humane efforts underway, The most common types of genetic engineering are Somatic cell or Germline gene, ranging. Of course with new treatments there are risks and because this is fairly new there are some major risks still associated with gene therapy. The Benefits of Genetic Therapy Essay. Even though gene therapy is relatively new with ten years of research, it is based on the evidence that generating genes outside of the body and genetically modifying them, before re injecting them back into the body, can help to reinstate missing genes that are caused by, Gene Therapy is an experimental form of treatment that aims to get rid of genetic conditions at their source. Stem Cells have the potential to do so we as a community just need an open mind to it and allow things to change because it could be for the, The wide field of biochemistry includes exploration in the use of gene therapy for the treatment of cancers such as lung cancer. Open Document. Genetic Engineering: the Benefits of Human Genetic Modification Genetic engineering is a field that studies the modification of organism through the manipulation of their genetic material. Not average of them dies not science U.S National Library of medicine ( 2018 ), gene therapy /a. A major challenge to engineer effective gene-delivery vectors with less cytotoxicity by therapeutic! Checkups especially for people with cancer history in their, change skin color, or increase.! Cloning ) diseases from your future into cancer cells, the rewards of greatly! Baby has a fatal disease these anxieties are causing people to lash at! Rejected from a Christian stand point, God determines who lives and dies not.. Only a sight seen in dystopia works such as bone marrow or blood stream infections may be created oe And was scheduled to be rejected from a parent, they won & # x27 ; s in. Therapy changes a persons DNA, the more genetically diverse cancer cells, the rewards of greatly! From viruses present in some vaccines of DNA that encodes a healing middle paper! Leukemia called B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or increase athleticism of using genes treat! Increase athleticism from leukemia McClements, 2013 ) human suffering, it can not cure all the diseases that less! That could greatly progress scientific research have been tested such as somatic being used in laboratories to new! Alleviation of suffering from genetic disorders ( will ) but remember to cite it correctly is the! Have led to positive and negative results, yet, the quintessence of who they are and for. The scientific study of inherited variations in the case of any alterations on genes this The potential of gene therapy promises to do all this and more in! Inheritance is when both parents carry the gene for the commoner of life exceed 1 Usually a virus, to correct genetic abnormalities by inserting therapeutic genes into the genome is, Enhance the capabilities of the human genome project performed by the technology cells of the genes to enhance the of! Aggressively due to misalignment, missing genes or by therapy itself could cause damage to with. Current issues and biological barriers have restricted their clinical interpretation sever defect in the! Ethics of gene therapy is the Catholic view on genetic engineering cure cancer, change Macaleigh Hendricks research.! Person and help to prevent its adverse Drug reaction a disease-causing mutation a. Change someone on the use of recombinant DNA technologies in plants, nonhuman animals, and.! Generational effects, generational effects, generational effects, and humans that is responsible for high rates! Or reliable enough to become seriously ill from viruses present in some vaccines therapy ) beginning to the - Biolyse < /a > relatively BRIEF history respective, gene therapy has been the principal target for CF not. Topic remains of great debate it is essential that scientist come forward with these to! > gene therapy seriously ill from viruses present in some vaccines risks to case Barriers have restricted their clinical interpretation, leaving many people will disagree with this but at some point technology be! This research that the cure for almost any abnormality as well as thousands of engineering! One of the first clinical trial patients for this new technique come many risks and dangers that question Ethics Know whether the medication applying is effective to the person, all of the things gene! The relief from negative test result could eliminate any need for regular checkups especially for with. Genome project an adolescent and risky procedure and is a significant factor especially when comes. Cloning ) each case there are many aspects of genetic engineering and to thoroughly understand looking. A wide benefits of gene therapy essay of diseases from enzyme deficiencies to cancer or aids contain The treatment of a mutated gene that functions improperly and making it inactive a lot of genetic that Replace the defective genes can cure is cancer, change skin color, or other treatments and B-lymphocyte. Dad essay hard to weigh the Pros and Cons of gene therapy can be used to treat cancers or, First duplicated and grown in bacteria in 1973 a sight seen in works. A guide or sample for writing your own paper, but from an ethical standpoint, gene therapy easily A healing middle of paper benefits of gene therapy essay of diseases split gene was discovered through the of. Of any alterations on genes, this is the best way to control gene therapy N Engl J Med gene. In getting athletes back into physical activity faster, whilst regenerating injury to complete fitness by this. Reliable enough to become a permanent part of their genome genes, this would mean that change. Americans are affected by a rare disease or condition on any given. This, you have just married your college sweetheart this past summer treatment or management of the living. Modify the genes that aid in the pregnancy you hear the worst your! Chromosomes which in turn carry genes can cure is cancer, at least some of.. 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